2. In agreement. _An_—_ma_, this, these, e.g. _an bês-ma_, this world.

2. In agreement. _An_—_ma_, this, these, e.g. _an bês-ma_, this world.

_An_—_na_, that, those, e.g. _an dên-na_, that man.

The noun is placed between _an_ and _ma_ or _na_, the latter being joined to it by a hyphen. In some cases when the noun ends in a vowel the _m_ of _ma_ is doubled, and the noun and demonstrative are written as one word:—

_an dremma_, this town (for _an dre-ma_); _an chymma_, this house (for _an chŷ-ma_); _alemma_, hence (for _a le-ma_), from this place.

The same applies to the _n_ of _na_.

When the noun is preceded by a preposition, _an_ is omitted: _war venedh-ma_, on this mountain, not _war an menedh-ma_.

For emphasis, _keth_ (same) is added after _an_: _an keth dên-ma_, this very man, this same man.

In very late Cornish, _hebma_, _hobma_, _hedna_, _hodna_ were often corrupted into _hebba_, _hobba_, _hedda_, _hodda_.

In the _Life of St_._ Meriasek_, _helma_ and _holma_ are used for _this_, and it is easy to imagine _helna_ and _holna_ for _that_. The explanation suggested in Dr. Whitley Stokes’s note is “_helma_=_hen lemma_, this in this place.” Cf. “this here” and “that there” of vulgar English.

§ 6. The Interrogative Pronouns.

_Pyu_ or _pyua_ (written also _pu_, _piwa_, _pew_), who? A contraction of _pe yu_, who is? or, _pe yu a_, who is it who?

_Pa_, what?

_Pandra_ (i.e. _pa an dra_, what the thing), what? e g. _pandra vednough why gwîl_, what will you do?

_Panin_ (i.e. _pa an in_, which the one), whether of them?

_Penîl_ (i.e. _pa nîl_, which of the two), which one?

§ 7. The Indefinite Pronouns.

_Nep_, _neb_, some or any.

_Neppeth_, somewhat (_neb peth_, some thing), anything.

_Nebin_ (_neb idn_), some one.

_Nebas_, somewhat, a little, a few; also used to signify little, few, or hardly any.

_Pyupennak_ (sometimes _bennak_), whoever.

_Pa_ (or _pandra_) _pennak_, whatever.

_Papennak ŏl_, whatsoever.

_Ketep_, every.

_Kenifer_, each; _kenifer ŏl_, every one, as many as there are. Lhuyd gives a very emphatic form, _pebs kenifer ŏnen_, which would mean “every single one.”

_Pŭb_ or _peb_, all, every. Placed before the noun. _Pŭb dên_, every man.

_Ŏl_ (or _ŭl_), all. Placed before or after the noun. When placed before the noun the latter is preceded by _an_: _ŏl an dîs_, all the people.

_Bîth_ or _vîth_, any; _travîth_, anything; _dên vîth_, any man. With negatives it signifies _at all_; _ni wôr dên vîth_, no man at all knoweth; _nynsyw travîth_, there is nothing at all.

_Mens_ (earlier _myns_), all, whatever; _ŏl mens o_, all that there was; _cowsens dên mens a vedn_, let a man say all that he will. It is generally used as a relative combined with the antecedent “all,” but is also used without an expressed verb to follow it, though in such case probably the verb substantive is understood.

_Kemmes_, _kebmes_, as many as, whosoever; _kemmes a wrîg bodh ow Thas_, as many as have done the will of my Father.

_Nîl_ or _an nîl_ and _e gîla_ (formerly _nyl_ and _y gyle_) signify “the one” and “the other.” _Nîl_, originally _an ail_, the second, a word which, except in this case, has dropped out of Cornish in favour of _secund_ and _nessa_ (=the next), though it remains in Welsh and Breton, signifies “one of two”; _e gîla_ (once _y gyle_ or _y gele_) literally signifies “his fellow,” from _e_, his, and _kîla_ (formerly _kyle_), fellow, companion. Thus:—

_Voz_ [_bes_] _an Frenkock feen parrez tho_ [_dhó_] _cummeraz telhar wara niel_ [_war an nîl_] _ha an sousenack nobla war e gilla_, for the fine French seems to take place upon the one [_i_._e_. on Breton] and the nobler English on the other [_i_._e_. Cornish] (from _Nebbaz Gerriau dro tho Carnoack_, by John Boson, _circ_. 1700).

The same expression occurs in the early Dramas, e.g. _an nyl a delle pymp cans_, _ha hanter cans y gyle_, the one owed five hundred and half a hundred the other.

_Aral_, other, plural _erel_, is sometimes used for _e gîla_. It is the usual word for _other_ or _another_: _dên aral_, another man.

Another form occasionally used in Cornish for either gender, though in Breton it is only used for the regular feminine of _e gîla_ (_e gile_) is _eben_, older form _yben_:—

_Heys Crist a gemeras a’n neyll lêf bys yn yben_ (_Poem of Passion_, 178), the length of Christ they took from one hand to the other.

_Ken_ is also used for _another_:—

_Dhe ken pow_, to another country; _yn ken lyu_, in another colour.

_Nanîl_, neither one, neither of two; it is _nîl_ with the negative, and is sometimes written _noniel_. Boson uses it in a peculiar way:—

_Nanagu_ [_na nag yu_] _an pobel coth tho bose skoothez_, _war noniel_, nor are the old people to be depended upon neither.

_Panîl_, “which of two” (see above), is compounded with _pa_, which, and _nîl_.

_Lîas_, many, is used, like a numeral, with a substantive in the singular: _lîas dôrn_, many hands.

_Re_, some (see § 5), “ones,” “things,” is used also as a noun: _an re marow_, the dead; _an re bîan_, the little ones; _ma re a lavar_, there are some who say. Cf. Welsh _rhai_; Breton _re_.

_Radn_ or _ran_, part, is also used in the sense of “some.”

_Honan_, self, is used with possessive pronouns as in English: _ow honan_, myself; _dha honan_, thyself, &c.