II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.

II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.

481. (1.) Stems in #-l-# and #-n-# are declined as follows:

+----------+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+ | Examples |cōnsul, |leō, |imāgō, |nōmen, | | | _consul_, | _lion_, | _likeness_,| _name_, | | Stems | cōnsul-, M.| leōn-, M. | imāgin-, F. | nōmin-, Ne. | +----------+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+ | Singular | | | | | | _Nom._ | cōnsul | leō | imāgō | nōmen | | _Gen._ | cōnsulis | leōnis | imāginis | nōminis | | _Dat._ | cōnsulī | leōnī | imāginī | nōminī | | _Acc._ | cōnsulem | leōnem | imāginem | nōmen | | _Abl._ | cōnsule | leōne | imāgine | nōmine | +----------+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+ | Plural | | | | | | _Nom._ | cōnsulēs | leōnēs | imāginēs | nōmina | | _Gen._ | cōnsulum | leōnum | imāginum | nōminum | | _Dat._ | cōnsulibus | leōnibus | imāginibus | nōminibus | | _Acc._ | cōnsulēs | leōnēs | imāginēs | nōmina | | _Abl._ | cōnsulibus | leōnibus | imāginibus | nōminibus | +----------+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+

482. Examples of stems in #-l-#, with nominative #-l#, genitive #-lis#, are:

#-āl#, #-alis# #sāl#, M., _salt_, sometimes Ne. in the singular; no G. Pl. (430). #-el#, #-ellis# #fel# (171, 1), Ne., _gall_; #mel#, Ne., _honey_; plural only #fella#, #mella#. #-il#, #-ilis# #mūgil#, M., _mullet_; #pūgil#, M., _boxer_; #vigil#, M., _watchman_. #-ōl#, #-ōlis# #sōl#, M., _sun_, no G. Pl. (430). #-ul#, #-ulis# #cōnsul#, _consul_; #praesul#, _head dancer_; #exsul#, _exile_.

483. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-en#, genitive #-inis#, are:

#flāmen#, M., _priest_; #pecten#, M., _comb_; #tībīcen#, M., _piper_; #tubicen#, M., _trumpeter_; #sanguen#, Ne., _blood_. Many neuters in #-men# (224): as, #certāmen#, _contest_.

484. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-ōnis#, are:

Many masculine concretes: as, #pugiō#, _dagger_; words of the agent (211): as, #praedō#, _robber_; and family names: as, #Cicerō#. Feminine abstracts in #-iō# (227), and many in #-tiō# or #-siō# (228): as, #opīniō#, _notion_; #cōgitātiō#, _thought_.

485. (_c._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-inis#, are:

Masculines: #Apollō#; #cardō#, _hinge_; #ōrdō#, _rank_; #turbō#, _whirlwind_. #homo#, M., F., _human being_; #nēmō#, _nobody_; for G. and Ab., #nūllī̆us# and #nūllō# are generally used; #margō#, M., F., _brink_. Feminines: #grandō#, _hail_; #harundō#, _reed_; #hirundō#, _swallow_; #hirūdō#, _leech_; #testūdō#, _tortoise_; #virgō#, _maiden_. Many in #-dō#, #-dinis# (225), #-gō#, #-ginis# (226), and #-tūdō#, #-tūdinis# (264): as, #cupīdō#, also M., _desire_; #imāgō#, _likeness_; #sōlitūdō#, _loneliness_.

486. #sanguī̆s#, M., _blood_, stem #sanguin-#, takes #-s# in the nominative (171, 4). #canis#, M., F., _dog_, stem #can-#, and #īuvenis#, M., F., _young person_, stem #iuven-#, have the nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems. For #senex#, _old man_, see 500.

487. (2.) Stems in #-r-# and #-s-# are declined as follows:

+--------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+ |Examples| pater, | dolor, | flōs, | genus, | | | _father_, | _pain_, | _flower_, | _race_, | | Stems | patr-, M. | dolōr-, M. | flōr-, M. | gener-, Ne. | +--------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+ |Singular| | | | | | _Nom._ | pater | dolor | flōs | genus | | _Gen._ | patris | dolōris | flōris | generis | | _Dat._ | patrī | dolōrī | flōrī | generī | | _Acc._ | patrem | dolōrem | flōrem | genus | | _Abl._ | patre | dolōre | flōre | genere | +--------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+ | Plural | | | | | | _Nom._ | patrēs | dolōrēs | flōrēs | genera | | _Gen._ | patrum | dolōrum | flōrum | generum | | _Dat._ | patribus | dolōribus | flōribus | generibus | | _Acc._ | patrēs | dolōrēs | flōrēs | genera | | _Abl._ | patribus | dolōribus | flōribus | generibus | +--------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+

488. Many stems in #-r-# ended originally in #-s-#, which became #-r-# between two vowels, and in some words in the nominative also (154): as, #flōs#, M., _flower_, G. #*flōsis#, #flōris#; #honōs#, M., _honour_, G. #honōris#, N. #honor#.

489. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-r-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-ar#, #-aris# #baccar#, Ne., _a plant_; #iūbar#, Ne., rarely M., _bright sky_, no Pl. #-ār#, #-aris# #lār#, M., _household god_; G. Pl. #larum#; two or three times #larium#. #-ār#, #-arris# #fār# (171, 1), Ne., _spelt_; Pl. only N. and Ac. #farra#. #-er#, #-eris# Masculines: #acipēnser#, _sturgeon_; #agger#, _mound_; #ānser#, rarely F., _goose_; #asser#, _pole_; #carcer#, _jail_; #later#, _brick_; #mulier#, F., _woman_; #passer#, _sparrow_; #vōmer#, _ploughshare_. Neuters: #cadāver#, _corpse_; #tūber#, _swelling_; #ūber#, _breast_; #verberis#, G., _lash_, no N., generally Pl.; #acer#, _maple_, and some other plant names: see 573. #pauper#, _poor_, adjective. #-ter#, #-tris# #accipiter#, M., _hawk_; #frāter#, M., _brother_; #māter#, F., _mother_; #pater#, M., _father_. #-ēr#, #-ēris# #vēr#, Ne.; no Pl. #-or#, #-oris# #aequor#, Ne., _sea_; #marmor#, Ne., _marble_; #arbor#, F., _tree_. #-or#, #-ōris# #olor#, M., _swan_; #soror#, F., _sister_; #uxor#, F., _wife_. Many masculines in #-or# for #-ōs# (237): as, #odor#, _smell_; and in #-tor#, #-tōris# (205): as, #amātor#, _lover_. Also gender comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstior# (346), M., F., _sadder_. #-ur#, #-oris# Neuters: #ebur#, _ivory_; Pl. only #ebora#; #rōbur#, _heart of oak_; Pl. #rōbora# common, #rōborum# and #rōboribus# twice each. Also #femur#,_thigh_, #femoris# or #feminis#, and #iecur#, _liver_, #iecoris#, #iecineris#, or #iocineris#. #-ur#, #-uris# #augur#, M., F., _augur_; #furfur#, M., _bran_; #turtur#, M., F., _turtle-dove_; #voltur# or #vultur#, M., _vulture_. Neuters: #fulgur#, _lightning_; #guttur#, rarely M., _throat_; #murmur#, _murmur_; #sulpur#, _sulphur_. #cicur#, _tame_, adjective. #-ūr#, #-ūris# #fūr#, M., _thief_.

490. #volucris#, F., _bird_, stem #volucr-#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems.

491. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-s-#, or #-r-# for #-s-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-aes#, #-aeris# #aes#, Ne., _copper_, _bronze_; in the Pl. only #aera# and #aerum# are usual. #-ēs#, #-eris# #Cerēs#. #pūbēs#, _mangrown_; #impūbēs#, _immature_, adjectives; for the last more commonly #impūbis#, like #brevis# (630). #-is#, #-eris# #cinis#, M., _ashes_; #cucumis#, M., _cucumber_, also with #-i-# stem; #pulvis#, M., _dust_; #vōmis#, M., _ploughshare_. #-ōs#, #-oris# #arbōs#, F., _tree_. #-ōs#, #-ōris# Masculines: #flōs#, _flower_; #mōs#, _custom_; #rōs#, _dew_, no G. Pl. (430); #lepōs#, _grace_; #honōs# or #honor#, _honour_, and some old Latin words for later #-or#: as, #odōs# or #odor#, _smell_ (489). #ōs#, Ne., _mouth_, _face_, no G. Pl. (430). #-us#, #-eris# Neuters: #acus#, _husk_; #foedus#, _treaty_; #fūnus#, _funeral_; #genus#, _race_; #glŏ̄mus# (134), _clew_; #holus#, _green stuff_; #latus#, _side_; #mūnus#, _gift_; #onus#, _burden_; #opus#, _work_; #pondus#, _weight_; #raudus# or #rūdus#, _piece of copper_; #scelus#, _crime_; #sīdus#, _constellation_; #ulcus#, _sore_; #vellus#, _fleece_; #vīscus#, _bowel_, usually plural; #volnus# or #vulnus#, _wound_. Also #Venus#, F., and #vetus#, _old_, adjective. #-us#, #-oris# Neuters: #corpus#, _body_; #decus#, _grace_; #dēdecus#, _disgrace_; #facinus#, _deed_; #faenus#, _interest_; #frīgus#, _cold_; #lītus#, _shore_; #nemus#, _grove_; #pectus#, _breast_; #pecus#, _flock_; #penus#, _store_; #pignus#, _pledge_; #stercus#, _dung_; #tempus#, _time_; #tergus#, _back_. Also #lepus#, M., _hare_. #-us#, #-ōris# Neuter comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstius# (346), _sadder_. #-ūs#, #-ūris# Neuters: #crūs#, _leg_; #iūs#, _right_, Pl. #iūra#, G. Pl. twice only (Plaut.; Cato), no D. or Ab. Pl.; #iūs#, _broth_, #pūs#, _pus_, #rūs#, _country_, #tūs#, _frankincense_, Pl. only N. and Ac. #iūra#, &c. #tellūs#, F., _earth_.

492. #vās#, Ne., _vessel_, _utensil_, retains the #s# between two vowels: G. #vāsis#, D. #vāsī#, Ab. #vāse#, plural N. and Ac. #vāsa#; the G. #vāsōrum#, and D. and Ab. #vāsis#, are formed from an #-o-# stem, #vāso-# (401). #mēnsis#, M., _month_, #mēnsis#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems; G. Pl. #mēnsum#, sometimes #mēnsuum# or #mēnsium#. #os# (171, 1) Ne., _bone_, #ossis#, has no G. Pl. in good writers (430): #ossium# late.

493. The two neuters #vīrus#, _gall_, _poison_, and #volgus# or #vulgus#, _the crowd_, have #-o-# stems, except in the nominative and accusative (401), and no plural: thus, N. and Ac. #volgus#, G. #volgī#, D. and Ab. #volgō#. A masculine accusative #volgum# is sometimes found. The Greek neuter #pelagus#, _the deep_, has also G. #pelagī#, D. and Ab. #pelagō#, Pl. N. and Ac. #pelagē# (508).

[Erratum: 489a ... Also #femur#, _thigh_ #femur# _thigh_]