882. The future perfect stem ends in #-erō-# and #-eri-#: as,

882. The future perfect stem ends in #-erō-# and #-eri-#: as,

#rēxerō#, #rēxeri-s#, #rēxeri-t#, #rēxeri-mus#, #rēxeri-tis#, #rēxeri-nt#.

883. In the future perfect, short #i# is found before the person endings #-s#, #-mus#, and #-tis#, some 40 times, as follows: #-is#, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1); #-imus#, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.); #-itis#, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).

884. In the future perfect, long #ī# is found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus: #-īs#, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each), #-īmus#, once (Catull.), #-ītis#, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).

SHORT OR OLD FORMS.

885. (1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.

886. (_a._) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in #-s-# (867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,

Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as, #dīxtī# (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as, #accestis# (Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as, #exstīnxem# (Verg.), #intellēxēs# (Plaut.), #vīxet# (Verg.); plural, once only, #ērēpsēmus# (Hor.). Infinitive, #dīxe# (Plaut.), #cōnsūmpse# (Lucr.).

887. (_b._) A perfect subjunctive stem in #-sī-# or in #-ssī-#, and a future perfect indicative stem in #-s{o|e-}# or in #-ss{o|e-}#, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,

Perfect subjunctive: #faxim#, #faxīs#, FAXSEIS (inscr. 145 B. C.), #faxit#, #faxīmus#, #faxītis#, #faxint#; #ausim#, #ausīs#, #ausit#; #locāssim#, #amāssīs#, #servāssit#, #amāssint#, #prohibēssīs#, #prohibēssit#, #cohibēssit#, #licēssit#.

Future perfect indicative: #faxō#, #faxis#, #faxit#, #faxitis#, #capsō#, #recepsō#, #iussō#, #occīsit#, #capsimus#; #levāssō#, #invītāssitis#, #mulcāssitis#, #exoculāssitis#, #prohibēssis#, #prohibēssint#. Denominatives in #-āre# have also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as, #impetrāssere#.

888. Passive inflections, as future perfect #faxitur#, #turbāssitur#, deponent MERCASSITVR (inscr. 111 B. C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception of #faxō# and #ausim#, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150 B. C. Denominatives in #-īre# never have the above formations. But #ambiō#, _canvass_, is thought to have a future perfect #ambīssit# twice (Plaut. prol.).

889. (2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix #-v-# (869) are very common in all periods.

890. (_a._) In tenses formed from perfect stems in #-āv-#, #-ēv-#, and #-ōv-#, #v# is often dropped before #-is-#, #-ēr-#, or #-er-#, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,

#laudāvistī#, #laudāstī#; #laudāvistis#, #laudāstis#; #laudāvērunt#, #laudārunt# (but the form in #-re#, as #laudāvēre#, is never contracted); #laudāverim#, #laudārim#, &c.; #laudāveram#, #laudāram#, &c.; #laudāvissem#, #laudāssem#, &c.; #laudāverō#, #laudārō#, &c.; #laudāvisse#, #laudāsse#.

#-plēvistī#, #-plēstī#; #-plēvistis#, #-plēstis#; #-plēvērunt#, #-plērunt#; #plēverim#, #-plērim#, &c.; #-plēveram#, #-plēram#, &c.; #-plēvissem#, #-plēssem#, &c.; #-plēverō#, #-plērō#, &c.; #-plēvisse#, #-plēsse#.

#nōvistī#, #nōstī#; #nōvistis#, #nōstis#; #nōvērunt#, #nōrunt#; #nōverim#, #nōrim#, &c.; #nōveram#, #nōram#, &c.; #nōvissem#, #nōssem#, &c.; #nōverō# always retains the #v#, but #cōgnōrō#, &c.; #nōvisse#, #nōsse#.

891. The verbs in which #v# belongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, except #moveō#, mostly in compounds. From #iuvō#, #iuerint# (Catull.), #adiuerō# (Enn.), once each, and twice #adiuerit# (Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.

892. Contractions in the perfect before #-t# and #-mus# are rare: as, #inrītāt#, #disturbāt#; #suēmus# or #su͡emus# (Lucr.), #nōmus# (Enn.), #cōnsu͡emus# (Prop.).

893. (_b._) In tenses formed from perfect stems in #-īv-#, #v# is often dropped before #-is-#, #-ēr-#, or #-er-#; but contraction is common only in the forms which have #-is-#: as,

#audīvistī#, #audīstī#; #audīvistis#, #audīstis#; #audīvērunt#, #audiērunt#; #audīverim#, #audierim#, &c.; #audīveram#, #audieram#, &c.; #audīvissem#, #audīssem#, &c.; #audīverō#, #audierō#, &c.; #audīvisse#, #audīsse#. Sometimes #audiī#, #audiit#, #audīt#. Intermediate between the long and the short forms are #audīerās# and #audīerit#, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive, #sinō# has #sīverīs# (Plaut., Cato), #sīrīs# (Plaut., Cato, Liv.), #sīreis# (Pac.), or #seirīs# (Plaut.), #sīrit# (Plaut., Liv.), #sīrītis# (Plaut.), #sīverint# (Plaut., Curt.), #sierint# (Cic., Curt.), or #sīrint# (Plaut.). #dēsinō# is thought to have #dēsīmus# in the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin. _Ep._).

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE.

894. The active infinitive has the ending #-re# in the present, and #-isse# in the perfect: as,

#dare#; #regere#, #capere#; #laudāre#, #monēre#, #audīre#. #rēxisse#; #laudāvisse# or #laudāsse#, #monuisse#, #audīvisse# or #audīsse#.

895. For #-rē# in old Latin, see 134, 2. The infinitive of #fīō#, _become_, ends in #-rī#, #fī̆erī#, with a passive ending (789); twice #fīere# (Enn. Laev.). An older form for #-re# is #-se#, found in #esse#, _to be_, #ēsse#, _to eat_, and their compounds. For #velle#, _to wish_ (#mālle#, #nōlle#), see 166, 8. In the perfect, #eō#, _go_, sometimes has #-iisse# in compounds (766), and in poetry, #petō#, _go to_, has rarely #petiisse#.

896. The present infinitive passive of verbs in #-ere# has the ending #-ī#; that of other verbs has #-rī#: as,

#regī#, #capī#; #laudārī#, #monērī#, #audīrī#. #ferō#, _carry_, has #ferrī#. The length of the #ī# is sometimes indicated by the spelling #ei# (29, 2): as, DAREI.

897. A longer form in #-ier# for #-ī#, and #-rier# for #-rī#, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as, FIGIER, _to be posted_, GNOSCIER, _to be read_ (inscr. 186 B. C.); #dīcier#, _to be said_, #cūrārier#, _to be looked after_ (Plaut.); #dominārier#, _to be lord paramount_ (Verg.).

898. The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect #-āssere#, see 887.

GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.

899. The gerundive stem is formed by adding #-ndo-#, nominative #-ndus#, #-nda#, #-ndum#, to the present stem: as,

#dandus#, stem #dando-#; #regendus#, #capiendus#; #laudandus#, #monendus#, #audiendus#. Verbs in #-ere# and #-īre# often have #-undus#, when not preceded by #u# or #v#, especially in formal style: as, #capiundus#; #eō#, _go_, always has #eundum#, and #orior#, _rise_, #oriundus#. For the adjective use, see 288. The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For #-bundus#, see 289; #-cundus#, 290.

SUPINE.

900. The supine stem is formed by the suffix #-tu-#, which is often changed to #-su-# (912).

This suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as, #nūntiātum#, _to report_, #nūntiātū#, _in reporting_, stem #nūntiātu-#. Many of the commonest verbs have no supine: as, #sum#, #eō#, #ferō#; #regō#, #emō#, #tegō#; #amō#, #dēleō#, #doceō#, &c., &c.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

901. The present participle stem is formed by adding #-nt-# or #-nti-#, nominative #-ns#, to the present stem: as,

#dāns#, _giving_, stems #dant-#, #danti-#; #regēns#, #capiēns#; #laudāns#, #monēns#, #audiēns#.

902. The adjective #sontem# (accusative, no nominative), which was originally the participle of #sum#, has #o# before the suffix, and #absēns# and #praesēns# have #e#; the participle of #eō# has #ē# in the nominative singular, otherwise #u#, #iēns#, #euntis#, &c. #n# rarely drops before #-s# (63): as, LIBES (inscr.), #exsultās# (Enn.), #animās# (Lucr.).

903. Some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb: as, #clēmēns#, _merciful_, #ēlegāns#, _choice_, #ēvidēns#, _clear_, #frequēns#, _thick_, #petulāns#, _wanton_, #recēns#, _fresh_, #repēns#, _sudden_, &c., &c. For #potēns#, _powerful_, see 922.

FUTURE PARTICIPLE.

904. The future participle suffix is #-tūro-#, nominative #-tūrus#, #-tūra#, #-tūrum#, which is often changed to #-sūro-#, nominative #-sūrus#, #-sūra#, #-sūrum# (912).

This suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as, #rēctūrus#, _going to guide_; #laudātūrus#, _going to praise_.

905. Some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle: as, #mortuus#, _dead_, #moritūrus#; see also in the dictionary #arguō#, #fruor#, #orior#, #ruō#, #secō#. And some verbs have two forms of the future participle: as, #āgnōscō#, #īgnōscō#, #hauriō#, #iuvō#, #pariō#. Some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle: as, #acquiēscō#, #appāreō#, #ardeō#, #caleō#, #careō#, #doleō#, #ēsuriō#, #fugiō#, #haereō#, #incidō#, #iaceō#, #-nuō#, #parcō#, #rauciō#, #recidō#, #sonō#, #stō#, #valeō#.

PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

906. The perfect participle suffix is #-to-#, nominative #-tus#, #-ta#, #-tum#, which is often changed to #-so-#, nominative #-sus#, #-sa#, #-sum# (912).

907. The perfect participle was originally active as well as passive, and some participles have retained the active meaning: as,

#adultus#, _grown up_; #ēmersus#, _rising out from_; #exōsus#, #perōsus#, _hating bitterly_; #placitus#, _engaging_; #iūrātus#, _sworn_, #coniūrātus#, _conspiring_; #prānsus#, _having lunched_, #cēnātus#, _having dined_, #pōtus#, _drunk_, &c. The perfect participles of deponents are usually active, but sometimes passive: as, #meditātus#, _having studied_, or _studied_. Many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle (811), particularly verbs in #-ēre#, with a parallel adjective in #-idus# (287). Intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter. A perfect active participle #meminēns# is said to have been used twice (Plaut., Laev.).