I. COMPLEMENTARY FINAL CLAUSES.

I. COMPLEMENTARY FINAL CLAUSES.

1949. (1.) The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of will or aim.

1950. (_a._) Verbs of will include those of desire, request, advice, resolution, stipulation, command, or permission.

Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as, #dīcō#, #respondeō#, #nūntiō#, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire: #volō# (#mālō#), #concupīscō#, #optō#. request: #petō#, #postulō#, #flāgitō#, #ōrō#, #rogō#, #precor#, #obsecrō#, #implōrō#, #instō#, _urge_, #invītō#. advice: #suādeō#, #persuādeō#, _persuade_, #moneō#, _bid_, #admoneō#, #hortor#, #cēnseō#, _propose_, _vote_. resolution, stipulation: #dēcernō#, #statuō#, _decree_, #cōnstituō#, #placet#, #sanciō#, #pacīscor#, #pepigī#. command: #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #praescrībō#, #mandō#, #negōtium dō#, #ēdīcō#, #ferō#, #caveō#, #interdīcō#. permission: #concēdō#, _allow_, #permittō#, #committō#, #potestātem faciō#, #veniam dō#, #sinō#, #nōn patior#.

1951. (_b._) Verbs of aim include those of striving, accomplishing, or inducing; such are:

striving: #agō# or #id agō#, #animum indūcō#, #temptō#, #operam dō#, #labōrō#, #nītor#, #ēnītor#, #mōlior#, #videō#, #prōspiciō#, #cūrō#, #nihil antīquius habeō quam#, #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#. accomplishing: #faciō# (#efficiō#, #perficiō#), #praestō#; #mereō#; #impetrō#, #adsequor#, #cōnsequor#, #adipīscor#. inducing: #moveō#, #excitō#, #incitō#, #impellō#, #perpellō#, #cōgō#.

(_a._) #optāvit ut in currum patris tollerētur#, _Off._ 3, 94, _he asked to be lifted into his father’s chariot_. #optō nē sē illa gēns moveat#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 2, _I hope and pray that that nation may not stir_. #Ubiī ōrābant, ut sibī̆ auxilium ferret#, 4, 16, 5, _the Ubians begged that he would help them_. #Pausaniās ōrāre coepit nē ēnūntiāret#, N. 4, 4, 6, _Pausanias began to beg that he would not tell_. #hortātus est utī in officiō manēret#, 5, 4, 2, _he urged him to remain steadfast in duty_. #hortātur eōs nē animō dēficiant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 19, 1, _he urges them not to get disheartened_ (1752). #suīs, ut idem faciant, imperat#, 5, 37, 1, _he orders his men to do the same_. #suīs imperāvit nē quod omnīnō tēlum rēicerent#, 1, 46, 2, _he ordered his men not to throw any weapon at all back_. #huic permīsit, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem conlocāret#, 3, 1, 3, _he allowed this man to quarter his legion in these parts_. #neque suam neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētūdinem patī, utī sociōs dēsereret#, 1, 45, 1, _that his practice and that of the Roman nation would not allow him to desert his allies_.

(_b._) #neque id agere ut exercitum teneat ipse, sed nē illī habeant quō contrā sē ūtī possint#, Caes. _C._ 1, 85, 11, _and that his object was not to hold the army himself, but to prevent the other side from having an army which they could use against him_. #XII nāvibus āmissīs, reliquīs ut nāvigārī commodē posset effēcit#, 4, 31, 3, _a dozen vessels were lost, but he managed to sail comfortably with the rest_. #eius bellī fāma effēcit nē sē pugnae committerent Sappīnātēs#, L. 5, 32, 4, _the story of this war prevented the Sappinatians from hazarding an engagement_. #sī ā Chrȳsogonō nōn impetrāmus ut pecūniā nostrā contentus sit, vītam nē petat#, _RA._ 150, _if we do not succeed in making Chrysogonus satisfied with our money without his aiming at our life_. #Aulum spē pactiōnis perpulit, utī in abditās regiōnēs sēsē īnsequerētur#, S. _I._ 38, 2, _Aulus he induced by the hope of a pecuniary settlement to follow him to distant regions_. #Antōnium pactiōne prōvinciae perpulerat, nē contrā rem pūblicam sentīret#, S. _C._ 26, 4, _by agreeing to let Antony have a province, he had induced him not to be disaffected toward the government_.

1952. Many of these verbs often have a coordinated subjunctive (1705-1713), or, according to the meaning, admit other constructions, which must in general be learned by reading, or from the dictionary. The following points may be noticed:

1953. (_a._) The verbs of resolving, #statuō#, #cōnstituō#, and #dēcernō#, and of striving, #nītor#, and #temptō#, have usually the complementary infinitive (2169), unless a new subject is introduced. For #volō# (#mālō#), and #cupiō#, see also 2189; for #iubeō#, #vetō#, #sinō#, and #patior#, 2198. #postulō#, _expect_, often has the same construction as #volō#, especially in old Latin (2194). For #imperō#, see 2202.

1954. (_b._) Some of the above verbs, with the meaning _think_ or _say_, have the accusative with the infinitive (2175, 2195): as, #volō#, #contendō#, _maintain_, #concēdō#, _admit_, #statuō#, _assume_, #dēcernō#, _judge_, #moneō#, _remind_, #persuādeō#, _convince_.

1955. (_c._) Verbs of accomplishing sometimes express result rather than purpose, and when the result is negative, are completed by a clause with #ut nōn# (1965). For the infinitive with such verbs, see 2196.

1956. #est# with a predicate noun is sometimes equivalent to a verb of will or aim, and has the same construction.

So with words like #iūs#, #lēx#, #mūnus#, &c.: as, #iūs esse bellī ut quī vīcissent hīs quōs vīcissent imperārent#, 1, 36, 1, _that rules of war entitled conquerors to lord it over conquered_. #quis nescit prīmam esse historiae lēgem, nē quid falsī dīcere audeat?# _DO._ 2, 62, _who does not know that the first rule of history is that it shall not venture to say anything false?_ #iūstitiae prīmum mūnus est ut nē cui quis noceat#, _Off._ 1, 20, _the first duty of justice is that a man harm nobody_. #nam id arbitror adprīmē in vītā esse ūtile, ‘ut nē quid nimis,’# T. _Andr._ 60, _for this I hold to be a rule in life that’s passing useful, ‘naught in overplus.’_

1957. (2.) The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used in clauses which complete expressions of fear, anxiety, or danger.

#ut#, _that not_, _may not_, and #nē#, _lest_, _may_, were originally signs of a wish (1540): thus, #vereor, ut fīat#, _I am afraid; may it come to pass_, acquires the meaning of _I am afraid it may not come to pass_ (1706); and #vereor, nē fīat#, _I am afraid; may it not come to pass_, of _I am afraid it may come to pass_. #metuō ut# is common in old Latin, and is used by Horace, but not by Caesar or Sallust, once by Cicero in the orations. #timeō ut# is rare, and first used by Cicero. #vereor ut# is not uncommon.

#at vereor ut plācārī possit#, T. _Ph._ 965, _but I’m afraid she can’t be reconciled_. #nē uxor rescīscat metuit#, Pl. _As._ 743, _he is afraid his wife may find it out_. #ō puer, ut sīs vītālis metuō, et maiōrum nē quis amīcus frīgore tē feriat#, H. _S._ 2, 1, 60, _my boy, you’ll not see length of days I fear, and that some grander friend may with his coldness cut you dead_. #nēquid summā dēperdat metuēns aut ampliet ut rem#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 31, _in dread lest from his store he something lose or may not add to his estate_. #metuō nē nōs nōsmet perdiderīmus uspiam#, Pl. _MG._ 428, _I’m afraid we’ve lost ourselves somewhere_. #sollicitus nē turba perēgerit orbem#, J. 5, 20, _apprehensive that the throng may have finished its round_. #nē nōn# is often, though rarely in old Latin, used for #ut#, and regularly when the expression of fear is negative: as, #nōn vereor nē hoc officium meum P. Servīliō nōn probem#, _V._ 4, 82, _I have no fear but I may make my services acceptable in the eyes of Servilius_. For #nōn metuō quīn#, see 1986.

1958. #vereor nē# is often equivalent to _I rather think_, and #vereor ut# to _hardly_. #vidē (videāmus, videndum est) nē#, and similar expressions, are sometimes used for #vereor nē#, to introduce something conjectured rather than proved: as,

#vereor nē barbarōrum rēx fuerit#, _RP._ 1, 58, _I rather think he was king over savages_. #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97, _I rather think my conjecture is in better keeping with the facts_.

1959. Other constructions with expressions of fear are: (_a._) Indirect question. (_b._) Accusative with infinitive. (_c._) Complementary infinitive: as,

(_a._) #erī semper lēnitās verēbar quorsum ēvāderet#, T. _Andr._ 175, _I was afraid how master’s always gentleness would end_. #timeō quid sit#, T. _Hau._ 620, _I have my fears what it may be_. #timeō quid rērum gesserim#, Pl. _MG._ 397, _I am concerned to think what capers I have cut_. #metuō quid agam#, T. _Hau._ 720, _I’m scared and know not what to do_ (1731). (_b._) #ego mē cupiditātis rēgnī crīmen subitūrum timērem?# L. 2, 7, 9, _was I to fear being charged with aspiring to a throne?_ (_c._) #vereor cōram in ōs tē laudāre#, T. _Ad._ 269, _I am afraid to disgrace you with praise to the face_ (2168).

1960. (3.) The subjunctive with #nē# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of avoiding, hindering, and resisting.

Such are: avoiding: #caveō#, #mē ēripiō#, #vītō#. hindering: #intercēdō#, #interdīcō#, #recūsō#, #repugnō#, #temperō#; also the following which often have #quōminus# (1977): #dēterreō#, #impediō#, #obsistō#, #obstō#, #officiō#, #prohibeō#, #teneō#. resisting: #resistō#, #repugnō#, #recūsō#; with these last often #quōminus#. Some of the above verbs when preceded by a negative also take #quīn# (1986); #prohibeō# and #impediō# have also the accusative with the infinitive (2203). For the subjunctive coordinated with #cavē̆#, see 1711.

#nē quid eīs noceātur neu quis invītus sacrāmentum dīcere cōgātur ā Caesare cavētur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 86, 4, _all precaution is taken by Caesar that no harm be done them, and that nobody be compelled to take the oath against his will_. #per eōs, nē causam dīceret, sē ēripuit#, 1, 4, 2, _thanks to this display of retainers he succeeded in avoiding trial_. #plūra nē scrībam, dolōre impedior#, _Att._ 11, 13, 5, _grief prevents me from writing more_. #nē qua sibī̆ statua pōnerētur restitit#, N. 25, 3, 2, _he objected to having a statue erected in his honour_.

[Errata: 1951b ... #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#. text unchanged: word generally spelled “pugn-” (see endnote on first edition) 1958 ... #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97 . for ,]