II. PROTASES OF ACTION NON-OCCURRENT. · Part 3

#sī veteris contumēliae oblīvīscī vellet, num etiam recentium iniūriārum memoriam dēpōnere posse?# 1, 14, 3, _if he were inclined to disregard the old affront, could he also forget their fresh insults?_ from Caesar’s reply to the Helvetians. #haud mīrum esse Superbō ē̆ī inditum Rōmae cōgnōmen: an quicquam superbius esse quam lūdificārī sīc omne nōmen Latīnum? cui nōn appārēre adfectāre eum imperium in Latīnōs?# L. 1, 50, 3, _no wonder Rome dubbed him ‘the Proud’: could there be a greater sign of pride than this mockery of the whole Latin nation? who did not see that he aspired to dominion over the Latins?_ This use is not found in old Latin. It occurs once or twice in Cicero’s letters and a few times in Caesar. In Livy and late writers, it is not uncommon. Such questions in the second person require the subjunctive (2312).

2314. Questions which are in the subjunctive in direct discourse retain the subjunctive in indirect discourse: as,

#quod vērō ad amīcitiam populī Rōmānī attulissent, id iīs ēripī quis patī posset?# 1, 43, 8, _who could allow them to be stripped of what they had possessed when they became the friends of the Roman nation?_ (1565).

(B.) SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.

2315. The verb of a subordinate sentence, introduced by a relative word or a conjunctive particle, stands in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (1722).

For the indicative with #dum#, _in the time while_, retained in indirect discourse, see 1995.

#sapientissimum esse dīcunt eum, cui quod opus sit ipsī veniat in mentem; proximē accēdere illum quī alterīus bene inventīs obtemperet#, _Clu._ 84, _they say he is the wisest man who thinks out of himself what is expedient; and that the man who avails himself of the wise devices of another comes next_. #ad haec Ariovistus respondit: iūs esse bellī, ut quī vīcissent iīs quōs vīcissent, quemadmodum vellent imperārent#, 1, 36, 1, _to this Ariovistus answered: that it was the right of war for the conquerors to dictate to the conquered such terms as they pleased_.

2316. Relative sentences equivalent to main sentences (1835) may be put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,

#ūnum medium diem fuisse, quem tōtum Galbam in cōnsīderandā causā compōnendāque posuisse#, _Br._ 87, _that a single day intervened and that this whole day Galba employed in studying up and arranging the case_. This use is found in Cicero, rarely in Caesar, in Livy, and a few times in other authors. Not in old Latin.

2317. So also sentences introduced by certain conjunctive particles are occasionally put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,

#id quod saepe dictum est: ut mare ventōrum vī agitārī atque turbārī, sīc populum Rōmānum hominum sēditiōsōrum vōcibus concitārī#, _Clu._ 138, _the oft-repeated saying: as the sea is ruffled and tossed by the mighty winds, so the people of Rome are stirred up by the talk of agitators_. #honōrificum id mīlitibus fore, quōrum favōrem ut largitiōne et ambitū male adquīrī, ita per bonās artēs haud spernendum#, Ta. _H._ 1, 17, _that would be a mark of respect to the troops, and their good will, though usually won by bribery and corruption, was certainly no small gain if honourably come by_. #fugere senātum testēs tabulās pūblicās cēnsūs cuiusque, cum interim obaerātam plēbem obiectārī aliīs atque aliīs hostibus#, L. 6, 27, 6, _that the senate sought to avoid evidence of each man’s property through making public returns, while at the same time the commons lay bankrupt and at the mercy of one enemy after another_. #ut# and #quemadmodum# are found with this infinitive in Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus; #cum interim# and #sī nōn# in Livy; #quia# in Livy and Seneca; #quamquam# in Livy and Tacitus; #nisi forte# in Tacitus. For #quam# with the infinitive, see 1898.

2318. Relative sentences which are not a part of the quotation, but an addition of the writer’s, or which are a circumlocution equivalent to a substantive, are marked by the indicative (1729): as,

#Condrūsōs, Eburōnēs, Caeroesōs, Paemānōs, quī ūnō nōmine Germānī appellantur, arbitrārī ad XL mīlia#, 2, 4, 10, _that they reckoned the Condrusians, Eburonians, Caeroesians and Paemanians (who are all called by one name Germans) at forty thousand_. For other examples of such sentences, see 1729.

2319. Sentences containing the thought of another, introduced by a relative pronoun or by causal, temporal, or other conjunctive particles, take the subjunctive, though not appended to the accusative with the infinitive (1725): as,

#numquis, quod bonus vir esset, grātiās dīs ēgit umquam?# _DN._ 3, 87, _did anybody ever thank the gods ‘because he was a good man’?_ (1853). #mihī̆ loquitur nec rēctē quia tibī̆ aurum reddidī et quia nōn tē dēfraudāverim#, Pl. _B._ 735, _he’s always pitching into me because I returned you the money and ‘because I didn’t do you out of it’_ (1856, 1853). #aedem Dīiovī vōvit, sī eō diē hostēs fūdisset#, L. 31, 21, 12, _he vowed a temple to infernal Jove, ‘if he should rout the enemy on that day.’_ For other examples, see 1725, 1852, 1853, 1884, &c.

2320. Sometimes a verb of saying or thinking is added, and is itself irrationally put in the subjunctive. For examples, see 1727.

(2.) TENSE.

(A.) OF THE INFINITIVE.

2321. The tenses of the infinitive follow their usual law (2218), representing the action as present, past, or future, from the speaker’s point of view.

#nūntiātum est Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontiōnem contendere trīduīque viam ā suīs fīnibus prōfēcisse#, 1, 38, 1, _it was reported that Ariovistus was pressing on_ (2219) _to seize Vesontio, and that he had done a three days’ journey from his own borders_ (2226). #fāma est āram esse in vestibulō templī#, L. 24, 3, 7, _rumour has it that there is an altar in the vestibule of the temple_ (2219). #lēgāti haec sē ad suōs relātūrōs dīxērunt#, 4, 9, 1, _the envoys said they would report this to their countrymen_ (2232). For other examples, see 2175-2203; for the infinitive equivalent of the indicative imperfect and pluperfect, see 2226, 2227.

(B.) OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

2322. The tenses of the subjunctive follow the law of the sequence of tenses; see 1745.

The tenses are usually imperfect or pluperfect, as the verb introducing a quotation is usually past.

#Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs#, _DO._ 1, 63, _Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter which they understood_ (1766). #dīcēbam quoad metuerēs, omnia tē prōmissūrum#, _Ph._ 2, 89, _I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything_ (1771). #cōgnōvit Suēbōs posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse#, 4, 19, 2, _he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction_ (1772). For other examples, see 1746-1772.

2323. But the present and perfect subjunctive are often used, especially when the main verb is present, or for vividness after a secondary tense.

#Alexandrum Philippus accūsat quod largitiōne benevolentiam Macedonum cōnsectētur#, _Off._ 2, 53, _Philip accuses Alexander of courting the favour of the Macedonians by the use of money_ (1746, 1853). #initium quod huic cum mātre fuerit simultātis audīstis#, _Clu._ 17, _you have heard the origin of the enmity which was between the defendant and his mother_ (1746). #Ariovistus respondit: stīpendium capere iūre bellī quod victōrēs victīs imponere cōnsuerint#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that it was by the laws of war that he took the tribute which victors were wont to lay upon the vanquished_ (1755). For other examples, see 1746-1772.

2324. The future of direct discourse is represented in indirect discourse by the imperfect, and the future perfect by the pluperfect subjunctive.

#sē quod ē rē pūblicā esset factūrum#, L. 28, 45, 3, _that he would do what should be for the interests of the state_ (1766). #sē nōn ante coeptūrum quam ignem in rēgiīs castrīs cōnspexisset#, L. 30, 5, 5, _that he would not begin before he saw fire in the royal camp_ (1766, 1921). The present or perfect subjunctive also is found when the main verb requires. For other examples, see 1746-1772.

(3.) PRONOUN.

2325. #ego# and #nōs#, of direct discourse, are represented by #sē# in indirect discourse, and #meus# and #noster# by #suus#. #tū# and #vōs#, of direct discourse, are represented in indirect discourse by #ille#, or, when less emphatic, by #is#.

For the use of the reflexive pronoun, see 2338-2342.

#sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum#, 1, 44, 7, _that he came into Gaul before the Roman nation_, said Ariovistus of himself. #sē ā patribus maiōribusque suīs didicisse#, 1, 13, 6, _that they had learned from their fathers and ancestors_, said the Helvetians of themselves. #trānsīsse Rhēnum sēsē nōn suā sponte#, 1, 44, 1, _that he had crossed the Rhine not of his own accord_, was the assertion of Ariovistus. #quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum nōn prō amīcō sed hoste habitūrum. quod sī eum interfēcerit, multīs sēsē prīncipibus populī Rōmānī grātum esse factūrum#, 1, 44, 11, _that unless he withdrew, he should consider him not a friend but a foe. Why, if he killed him, he should do a favour to numerous leading men in the Roman nation_. Here Ariovistus is reported as speaking to Caesar.

CONDITIONAL PERIODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

(A.) PROTASIS.

2326. The protasis of every kind (2023, 2024) has the verb in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (2315).

2327. The tense of the protasis is generally imperfect or pluperfect (2322): as,

#Ariovistus respondit: sī ipse populō Rōmānō nōn praescrīberet, nōn oportēre sēsē ā populō Rōmānō impedīrī#, 1, 36, 1, _Ariovistus answered: if he did not dictate to the Roman nation, no more ought the Roman nation to interfere with him_ (2026). #quae sī fēcisset, Pompēium in Hispāniās itūrum#, Caes. _C._ 1, 10, 3, _if he did that, Pompey would go to the Spains_ (2061).

2328. But indeterminate protases (2023) are sometimes put in the present or perfect subjunctive in indirect discourse, even with a main secondary tense: as,

#Ariovistus respondit: sī iterum experīrī velint, sē parātum esse dēcertāre#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that if the Romans wanted to try again, he was ready to fight it out_ (2026). #quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum prō hoste habitūrum#, 1, 44, 11, _that unless he withdrew, he should consider him an enemy_ (2054).

2329. Protases of action non-occurrent (2024) remain in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a main primary tense.

#licet Varrō Mūsās, Aelī Stilōnis sententiā, Plautīnō dīcat sermōne locutūrās fuisse sī Latīnē loquī vellent#, Quintil. 10, 1, 99, _though Varro, following Stilo’s dictum, may say that the Muses would have spoken in the style of Plautus, if they had wanted to speak Latin_ (2095). #quaeret ab accūsātōribus quid factūrī essent, sī in eō locō fuissent#, Cornif. 2, 22, _he will ask the accusers what they would have done if they had been in that predicament_ (2099).

(B.) APODOSIS.

2330. In indeterminate conditional periods (2023), the apodosis simply follows the general rule (2312): as,

#Iovem sīc aiunt philosophī, sī Graecē loquātur, loquī#, _Br._ 121, _the philosophers say that this is Jove’s style of speaking, if Jove speaks Greek_ (2026). #sīn bellō persequī persevērāret, reminīscerētur prīstinae virtūtis Helvētiōrum#, 1, 13, 4, _if he persisted in following them up with war, let him call to mind the old time valour of the Helvetians_ (2056). #in prōvinciīs intellegēbant sī is quī esset cum imperiō emere vellet, fore utī quod quisque vellet quantī vellet auferret#, _V._ 4, 10, _in the provinces they saw that if a man clothed in authority should wish to be a buyer, he would carry off every time whatever he wished at what he wished_ (2233; 2054 or 2076). #futūrum esse, nisi prōvīsum esset, ut Rōma caperētur#, _Div._ 1, 101, _that unless precaution was taken, Rome would be captured_ (2233, 2061). For other examples, see 2327, 2328.

2331. In conditional periods of action non-occurrent (2024), the future participle with #fuisse#, is used in apodoses of the active voice: as,

#an Cn. Pompēium cēnsēs maximārum rērum glōriā laetātūrum fuisse, sī scīret sē in sōlitūdine Aegyptiōrum trucīdātum īrī#, _Div._ 2, 22, _do you suppose that Pompey would have taken any pleasure in the fame which his peerless exploits brought him if he had known that he was going to be butchered in the wilds of Egypt?_

In one instance, found in Caesar, the future participle with #esse# occurs, representing the imperfect subjunctive of present time (2091):

#Caesarem arbitrārī profectum in Ītaliam; neque aliter Carnūtēs interficiundī Tasgetiī cōnsilium fuisse captūrōs, neque Eburōnēs, sī ille adesset, ad castra ventūrōs esse#, 5, 29, 2, _that he thought Caesar was gone into Italy; otherwise, the Carnutes would not have formed their design of killing Tasgetius, and the Eburones, if he were at hand, would not be assaulting the camp_. Here the context shows that #ventūrōs esse# represents the imperfect subjunctive. But ordinarily it might seem to represent the future indicative. Hence, to avoid ambiguity, the Romans generally did not try to express present time in apodoses of this class in indirect discourse.

2332. The perfect infinitive is exceptionally used; this is based upon the indicative in apodosis (2104).

#memoriā teneō solitum ipsum nārrāre sē studium philosophiae ācrius hausisse, nī prūdentia mātris incēnsum animum coërcuisset#, Ta. _Agr._ 4, _I remember that he used to say that he had drunk in the study of philosophy with too great eagerness, had not his discreet mother checked his ardent soul_ (2105 or 2107).

2333. #possum#, in the apodosis of a conditional period of action non-occurrent (2101), is regularly put in the perfect infinitive in indirect discourse: as,

#Platōnem exīstimō, sī genus forēnse dīcendī trāctāre voluisset, gravissimē potuisse dīcere#, _Off._ 1, 4, _I think that if Plato had only chosen to cultivate forensic eloquence, he might have been a most impressive speaker_ (2103). #cum dīcerent sē potuisse in amplissimum locum pervenīre, sī sua studia ad honōrēs petendōs cōnferre voluissent#, _Clu._ 153, _saying they might have risen to the proudest position, if they had only chosen to apply their energies to a political career_ (2103).

2334. #futūrum fuisse ut# with the imperfect subjunctive is rarely used in apodoses of the passive voice (2331): as,

#Theophrastus accūsāsse nātūram dīcitur quod hominibus tam exiguam vītam dedisset: quōrum sī aetās potuisset esse longinquior, futūrum fuisse ut omnī doctrīnā hominum vīta ērudīrētur#, _TD._ 3, 69, _it is said that Theophrastus took nature to task ‘for giving man such a short life; if the period could have been longer man’s life would have been informed with knowledge of every sort’_ (2099). See also Caes. _C._ 3, 101, 2.

[Erratum: 2331 ... Aegyptiōrum trucīdātum īrī Aēgyptiōrum]

(C.) PRONOUNS.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.

2335. For the use of the nominatives #ego# #tū#, #nōs# #vōs#, see 1029. The genitive plurals #nostrū̆m# and #vestrū̆m# are used as partitive, #nostrī# and #vestrī# as objective genitives: as,

#nēmō nostrūm#, _RA._ 55, _not one of us_ (1242). #ab utrīsque vestrūm#, _Fam._ 11, 21, 5, _by each of you_ (1243). #grāta mihī̆ vehementer est memoria nostrī tua#, _Fam._ 12, 17, 1, _your remembrance of me is exceedingly agreeable to me_ (1260). #nostrī nōsmet paenitet#, T. _Ph._ 172, _we’re discontented with our lot_ (1283). For the adjective instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see 1234, 1262.

[Erratum: 2335. . missing]

THE REFLEXIVE #sē# AND #suus#.

2336. The reflexive regularly refers to the subject of the verb: as,

#fugae sēsē mandābant#, 2, 24, 2, _they betook themselves to flight_. #animō servit, nōn sibī#, Pl. _Tri._ 308, _he serves his passions, not his better self_. #est amāns suī virtūs#, _L._ 98, _virtue is fond of itself_. #dūcit sēcum ūnā virginem#, T. _Eu._ 229, _he is leading a girl along with him_. #Caesar cōpiās suās dīvīsit#, Caes. _C._ 3, 97, 3, _Caesar divided his forces_. For #sē ipse#, see 2376; for #sē# or #suus quisque#, 2397.

2337. The reflexive sometimes refers to a word not the subject, when that word is specially emphasized or easily made out from the context. This holds chiefly of #suus#, which is used with great freedom: as,

#Alexandrum uxor sua occīdit#, _Inv._ 2, 144, _Alexander was murdered by his own wife_. #dēsinant īnsidiārī domī suae cōnsulī#, _C._ 1, 32, _let them cease to waylay the consul in his own house and home_. #suās rēs Syrācūsānīs restituit#, L. 29, 1, 17, _he restored their property to the Syracuse people_.

2338. In the construction of the accusative with the infinitive (2175), the reflexive is regularly used when the subject of the infinitive refers to the subject of the verb: as,

#Vārus imperium sē habēre dīxit#, _Lig._ 22, _Varus said that he had authority_. #id sēsē effectūrōs spērābant#, 7, 26, 2, _they hoped to accomplish it_ (2235).

2339. The reflexive, in this construction, sometimes refers to an emphasized word not the formal subject of the verb: as,

#canum custōdia quid sīgnificat aliud nisi sē ad hominum commoditātēs esse generātōs?# _DN._ 2, 158, _the watchfulness of the dog--does not it show that he was created for the convenience of man?_

2340. When the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the verb, the reflexive sometimes refers to the subject of the verb, sometimes to that of the infinitive: as,

#Ariovistus respondit omnēs Galliae cīvitātēs ad sē oppugnandum vēnisse#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that all the states of Gaul had come to attack him_, i.e. Ariovistus. #nēminem sēcum sine suā perniciē contendisse#, 1, 36, 6, _that no man had contended with him without his own undoing_; #sēcum# refers to Ariovistus, the subject of the main verb #respondit#, #suā# to #nēminem#.

2341. In subordinate subjunctive clauses of purpose, indirect discourse, or indirect question, the reflexive refers to the subject of the main sentence: as,

#huic mandat, ut ad sē quam prīmum revertātur#, 4, 21, 2, _he instructs him to come back to himself as soon as possible_. #excruciābit mē erus, quia sibī nōn dīxerim#, Pl. _MG._ 859, _my master’ll torture me ‘because I have not told him.’_ #Paetus omnīs librōs, quōs frāter suus relīquisset, mihī̆ dōnāvit#, _Att._ 2, 1, 12, _Paetus made me a present of all the books ‘that his brother left.’_ For the use of #is# for #sē#, see 2370.

2342. The reflexive, in such subordinate clauses, sometimes refers to an emphatic word not the main subject: as,

#identidem fēlīcem Priamum vocābat, quod superstes omnium suōrum exstitisset#, Suet. _Tib._ 62, _he was for ever calling Priam ‘Fortune’s darling, because he outlived all his kith and kin.’_

2343. The reflexive referring to the main subject is sometimes irregularly used in subordinate indicative clauses.

#Epamīnōndās ē̆ī, quī sibī̆ successerat, exercitum nōn trādidit#, _Inv._ 1, 55, _Epaminondas did not deliver the army to his successor_. #centum bovēs mīlitibus dōnō dedit, quī sēcum fuerant#, L. 7, 37, 3, _he gave a hundred oxen to the soldiers who had been with him_.

EQUIVALENTS FOR A RECIPROCAL PRONOUN.

2344. The place of a reciprocal pronoun, _each other_, is supplied by #inter nōs#, #inter vōs#, #inter sē#, or by #alter# or #alius# followed by another case of the same word: as,

#inter nōs nātūrā cōniūnctī sumus#, _Fin._ 3, 66, _we are united with each other by nature_. #Cicerōnēs puerī amant inter sē#, _Att._ 6, 1, 12, _the Cicero boys are fond of each other_. #cum alius aliī subsidium ferret#, 2, 26, 2, _when they were helping each other_. For #uterque#, see 2400. The reciprocal idea is sometimes expressed by the form of the verb: as, #fulvā lūctantur harēnā#, V. 6, 643, _they wrestle with each other on the yellow sand_ (1487).

2345. From Livy on, #invicem inter sē#, #invicem sē#, or #invicem# alone, is often used in the expression of reciprocal relations: as,

#invicem inter sē grātantēs#, L. 9, 43, 17, _mutually congratulating each other_. #invicem sē antepōnendō#, Ta. _Agr._ 6, _mutually preferring one another_. #ut invicem ardentius dīligāmus#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 20, 7, _that we may love each other more ardently_.

THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.

2346. The possessive of the personal and reflexive pronoun is regularly omitted, unless it is required for emphasis or contrast: as,

#ōra manūsque tuā lavimus, Fērōnia, lymphā#, H. S. 1, 5, 24, _our hands and faces in thy rill, Feronia, we bathe_. The possessive sometimes has the meaning of _proper_, _appropriate_, _favourable_; as, #suō locō dīcam#, Quintil. 1, 1, 36, _I shall tell in the proper place_. For the possessive pronoun used instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see 1234, 1262.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

#hīc.#

2347. #hīc# points out what is near the speaker in place, time, or thought: as,

#hī domum mē ad sē auferent#, Pl. _Men._ 847, _these fellows will hale me off to their house_. #nōn mē exīstimāvī in hōc sermōne usque ad hanc aetātem esse ventūrum#, _Br._ 232, _I did not think that in this discourse I should get down to the present generation_. #reliquum omne tempus huius annī#, _V._ 1, 30, _all the rest of this year_.

2348. #hīc# sometimes points out the speaker with pathos, or with emphasis, particularly in comedy.

#haec arma et hunc mīlitem propitiō flūmine accipiās#, L. 2, 10, 11, _receive these arms and this soldier in thy gracious stream_, the prayer of Horatius Cocles to Father Tiber. #tibī̆ erunt parāta verba, huic hominī verbera#, T. _Hau._ 356, _you’ll get a chiding, this child a hiding_. #fēcisset nī haec praesēnsisset canēs#, Pl. _Tri._ 172, _and he’d have done it, unless this dog had got scent of it in time_, where the speaker means himself.

2349. The neuter plural #haec# sometimes means _the realm_, _our country_, _our state_, _the [Roman] world_: as,

#haec, quae iam prīdem vastāre studēs#, _C._ 1, 21, _the realm which you have long sought to lay in ruins_. #quī haec dēlēre cōnātī sunt#, _C._ 4, 7, _who have tried to destroy the state_. #servus est nēmō quī nōn haec stāre cupiat#, _C._ 4, 16, _there lives no slave that wills not our country should abide_.

2350. #hīc#, as expressing a familiar, every-day thing, occasionally has a shade of contempt, either alone, or with #volgāris#, #cottīdiānus# or the like: as,

#mittit hominī mūnera satis largē, haec ad ūsum domesticum#, _V._ 4, 62, _he sent him some presents--pretty liberal ones, commonish things for household use_. #mittō hāsce artīs volgārīs, coquōs, pistōrēs#, _RA._ 134, _I’ll skip your everyday common occupations--such as cooks, bakers, &c., &c._ #taedet cottīdiānārum hārum fōrmārum#, T. _Eu._ 297, _I’m sick of your everyday beauties_.

2351. When #hīc# relates to the words of a sentence, it points out what has preceded or is to follow, or emphasizes a word referred to by a preceding relative.

For #hīc# used to introduce a new sentence, see 2129.

#haec habuī dē senectūte quae dīcerem#, _CM._ 85, _this was what I had to say on Old Age_. #sed haec hāctenus; nunc ad ostenta veniāmus#, _Div._ 2, 53, _so much for this; let us now go on to portents_. #fēcit pācem hīs condiciōnibus#, N. 8, 3, 1, _he made peace on the following terms_. #dīcitur locūtus in hanc ferē sententiam esse#, L. 6, 40, 2, _it is said that he spoke to somewhat the following effect_. #quaesierat ex mē Scīpiō quidnam sentīrem dē hōc quod duo sōlēs vīsōs esse cōnstāret#, _RP._ 1, 19, _Scipio had asked me what I thought about this, that it was generally agreed that two suns had been seen_.

2352. #hīc# and #ille# are often opposed, particularly in contrasts of classes: as,

#laudātur ab hīs, culpātur ab illīs#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 11, _one side praises him, the other condemns_. #illud est album, hoc dulce, canōrum illud, hoc bene olēns, hoc asperum#, _Ac._ 2, 21, _that is white, this is sweet, that sonorous, this fragrant, this rough_. #ōrātor, nōn ille volgāris sed hīc excellēns#, _O._ 45, _an orator, not of the common sort, but the superior one of whom we are speaking_.

2353. In transitions, #ille# introduces a new thing, #hīc# denotes _the aforementioned_: as,

#sed haec vetera; illud vērō recēns, Caesarem meō cōnsiliō interfectum#, _Ph._ 2, 25, _but this is all ancient history; here, however, is something new, that Caesar was killed at my suggestion_.

2354. When #hīc# and #ille# refer to two different persons or things named in the sentence, #hīc# commonly refers to the nearer word, #ille# to the remoter word; or #hīc# sometimes refers to what is nearer the mind of the speaker, even though it be remoter in the sentence.

(_a._) #Caesar beneficiīs ac mūnificentiā magnus habēbātur, integritāte vītae Catō. Ille mānsuētūdine et misericordiā clārus factus, huic sevēritās dignitātem addiderat#, S. _C._ 54, 2, _Caesar was esteemed great for his liberality and generosity, Cato for his unsullied life. The former became famous through his humanity and mercy, the latter’s dignity was heightened by his austerity._ (_b._) #cavē Catōnī antepōnās nē istum quidem ipsum quem Apollō, ut ais, sapientissimum iūdicāvit: huius enim facta, illīus dicta laudantur#, _L._ 10, _suffer not Cato to find a rival even in your man himself, whom, as you say, Apollo declared wisest of mankind; for our Cato is renowned for deeds, the other for doctrines_.

2355. #hīc# and #ille# are used together, chiefly in poetry, to explain something past by a present thing: as,

#hunc illum poscere fāta reor#, V. 7, 272, _this I think is he whom the fates require_. #hunc illum fātīs externā ab sēde profectum portendī generum#, V. 7, 255, _this was the man whom destiny foretold should fare from foreign home to be his son-in-law_.

#iste.#

2356. #iste# points out something near to, belonging to, or imputed to the person addressed: as,

#cum istā sīs auctōritāte, nōn dēbēs adripere maledictum ex triviō#, _Mur._ 13, _carrying the influence that you do, you ought not to take to street-corner abuse_. #multae istārum arborum meā manū sunt satae#, _CM._ 59, _many of the trees you see there were planted by my own hand_. #salem istum quō caret vestra nātiō, inrīdendīs nōbīs nōlītōte cōnsūmere#, _ND._ 2, 74, _do not waste in ridiculing us that wit which your fraternity sadly needs_. Often with #tuus# or #vester#: as, #īsdem hīc sapiēns dē quō loquor oculīs quibus iste vester intuēbitur#, _Ac._ 2, 105, _the sage of whom I speak will look with the same eyes as the sage you boast of_.

2357. From its use in addressing opponents or in talking at them, #iste# is common in contemptuous phrases: as,

#tū istīs faucibus, istīs lateribus, istā gladiātōriā tōtīus corporis firmitāte#, _Ph._ 2, 63, _you with that gullet of yours, those swollen flanks, that prizefighter’s bulky make-up_. #nōn erit ista amīcitia, sed mercātūra quaedam#, _ND._ 1, 122, _such a thing will not be a friendship, but a sort of traffic_.

#ille.#

2358. #ille# points to what is remote in place, time, or thought: as,

#ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?# _Fin._ 2, 13, _do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means and I not?_ #populus Rōmānus nihil aequē atque illam veterem iūdiciōrum vim gravitātemque requīrit#, _Caecil._ 8, _the Roman people miss nothing so much as the ancient vigour and firmness attaching to public trials_. #hīs autem dē rēbus sōl mē ille admonuit ut brevior essem#, _DO._ 3, 209, _but on these topics yonder sun has warned me to be pretty brief_. For other examples, see 2352-2355.

2359. #ille# is used to point out a celebrity, often one of the past. So, particularly without a proper name, in allusive style, referring to what is famed in story.

(_a._) #hīc est ille Dēmosthenēs#, _TD._ 5, 103, _this is the famous Demosthenes_. #Athēniēnsis ille Themistoclēs#, _DO._ 2, 299, _Themistocles the great, of Athens_. #illud Solōnis#, _CM._ 50, _Solon’s memorable words_. #Mēdēa illa#, _IP._ 22, _Medea famed in story_. (_b._) #vīribus ille cōnfīsus periīt#, J. 10, 10, _the man in the story lost his life through confidence in his strength_. #illae rēgiae lacrimae#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 7, 13, _the monarch’s historic tears_, of Xerxes.

2360. Indicating change of subject, #ille# is _this other man_. In such cases it is often best expressed in English by a proper name or a descriptive word.

#ad sē adulēscentem iussit venīre. at ille, ut ingressus est, cōnfestim gladium dēstrīnxit#, _Off._ 3, 112, _he gave orders to admit the young man. But this other, the moment he entered, drew his sword._ #rūsticus expectat dum dēfluat amnis: at ille lābitur et lābētur#, H. _E._ 1, 2, 42, _he is a peasant waiting for the river to go down: but the river flows and will flow on_.

2361. In concessions, #ille# often precedes #quidem#; in translation no pronoun is required.

#librī scrīptī incōnsīderātē ab optimīs illīs quidem virīs, sed nōn satis ērudītīs#, _TD._ 1, 6, _books rashly written by men respectable enough but of insufficient education_. #est tarda illa medicīna, sed tamen magna#, _TD._ 3, 35, _it is a powerful remedy, though slow in its working_. #hīc#, #is#, and #iste# are used rarely in this way.

2362. In poetry #ille# may serve: (1.) To repeat a thing with emphasis: as,

#arma virumque canō Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs Ītaliam vēnit, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō#, V. 1, 1, _arms and the man I sing, from Troja’s shore the first to come to Italy, much tossed that man by land and sea_.

2363. (2.) To emphasize the second of two ideas: as,

#nunc dextrā ingemināns ictūs, nunc ille sinistrā#, V. 5, 457, _now with his right redoubling blows, now mighty with his left_. #nōn tamen Euryalī, non ille oblītus amōrum#, V. 5, 334, _still not Euryalus forgetting, no, not he his love!_

2364. (3.) As a provisional subject, to anticipate the real subject, and keep the attention in suspense till the real subject comes with emphasis: as,

#ac velut ille canum morsū dē montibus altīs āctus aper substitit#, V. 10, 707, _and e’en as he, goaded by bite of hounds from mountains high, the boar hath paused_.

THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN.

#is.#

2365. #is# refers to something named in the context. When some feeling is to be expressed, such as admiration, or oftener contempt, #homō# is often put for #is#.

(_a._) #petit ā rēge et eum plūribus verbīs rogat ut id ad sē mittat#, _V._ 4, 64, _he solicits the king and begs him at considerable length to send it to him_. #nōndum mātūrus imperiō Ascanius erat, tamen id imperium ĕ̄ī ad pūberem aetātem incolume mānsit#, L. 1, 3, 1, _Ascanius was not yet old enough for the throne, but that throne was kept safe for him till he came of age_. (_b._) #ego hominem callidiōrem vīdī nēminem quam Phormiōnem. veniō ad hominem, ut dīcerem argentum opus esse#, T. _Ph._ 591, _a shrewder man than Phormio I never saw, not I! I went to him to tell him that I needed money_. #nēquam esse hominem et levem sciēbam#, _Sest._ 22, _I knew the fellow was worthless and frivolous_.

2366. (1.) #is# refers to something named before or after: as,

#eius omnis ōrātiō versāta est in eō, ut scrīptum plūrimum valēre oportēre dēfenderet#, _DO._ 1, 244, _his whole speech turned on the contention that the written word should be paramount_. #Melitēnsis Diodōrus est; is Lilybaeī multōs iam annōs habitat#, _V._ 4, 38, _Diodorus is from Melita; he has lived many years at Lilybaeum_. For other examples of is used to connect sentences, see 2129.

2367. With a connective, #is# denotes an important addition: as,

#vincula et ea sempiterna#, _C._ 4, 7, _imprisonment and that too perpetual_. #annum iam audientem Cratippum idque Athēnīs#, _Off._ 1, 1, _after a year’s study under Cratippus, and that too in Athens_. #erant in eō plūrimae litterae nec eae volgārēs#, _Br._ 265, _he was a man of very deep reading and that of no common sort either_.

2368. (2.) #is# indicates something explained or restricted by a relative or indefinite, #quī#, #quīcumque#, #sī quis#: as,

#haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram#, _Fam._ 12, 14, 7, _all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend_ (1807). #ūnus ex eō numerō quī ad caedem parātī erant#, S. _I._ 35, 6, _one of the number that were ready to do murder_ (1804). #neque is sum quī mortis perīculō terrear#, 5, 30, 2, _but I am not the man to be scared by danger of death, no, not I_ (1818). #quīcumque is est, ē̆ī mē profiteor inimīcum#, _Fam._ 10, 31, 3, _whoever he may be, I proclaim myself his enemy_ (1814). #cum ipse Aliēnus ex eā facultāte, sī quam habet, aliquantum dētrāctūrus sit#, _Caecil._ 49, _seeing that even Alienus is to suppress some part of that eloquence, if any he may have_. See also 1795, 1798. For #id quod#, see 1811.

2369. For the use of #is# instead of a relative repeated in a different case, see 1833.

2370. #is# sometimes is loosely used for the reflexive #sē# (2341); here the point of view of the writer shows itself.

#Mīlēsiōs nāvem poposcit, quae eum Myndum prōsequerētur#, _V._ 1, 86, _he asked the Milesians for a ship to escort him to Myndus_. #suōs omnēs castrīs continuit ignēsque fierī prohibuit, quō occultior esset eius adventus#, Caes. _C._ 3, 30, 5, _he confined his troops to camp and forbade the kindling of fires, in order to keep his coming a greater secret_.

THE PRONOUN OF IDENTITY.

#īdem.#

2371. #īdem#, _the same_, often connects two different predicates to the same person or thing. In this case, it may be variously rendered by _likewise_, _also_, _all the same_, _on the other hand_, _at once_, _very_, _nevertheless_.

#ūtēbātur eō cibō quī et suāvissimus esset et īdem facillimus ad concoquendum#, _Fin._ 2, 64, _he made use of such food as was both very dainty and likewise very easy to digest_. #ita fīet ut nōn omnēs quī Atticē, eīdem bene dīcant#, _Br._ 291, _so it will be found that not all who speak Attic are also good speakers_. #multī quī ut iūs suum et lībertātem tenērent volnera excēpērunt fortiter et tulērunt, īdem omissā contentiōne dolōrem morbī ferre nōn possunt#, _TD._ 2, 65, _many who have met heroically and endured wounds, to preserve their rights and their freedom, are nevertheless, when no contest is involved, unable to bear the pain of a disease_.

2372. #īdem# is often used with other pronouns, #hīc#, #iste#, #istūc#, #ille#: as,

#haec eadem centuriōnibus mandābant#, 7, 17, 8, _they confided these same sentiments to their centurions_. #multae aliae idem istuc cupiunt#, Pl. _MG._ 1040, _many other ladies want just what you want_.

2373. _The same as_ is expressed by #īdem# followed by #quī#, #atque# or #ac#, #ut#, #quasi#, #cum#, sometimes in poetry by the dative.

#īdem sum quī semper fuī#, Pl. _Am._ 447, _I’m the same man I’ve always been_. #pōmārium sēminārium ad eundem modum atque oleāgineum facitō#, Cato, _RR._ 48, _make your fruit-tree nursery in the same way as your nursery for olive-trees_ (1653). #eīsdem ferē verbīs ut disputātum est#, _TD._ 2, 9, _in pretty much the same words as were used in the actual argument_ (1937). #ut eōdem locō rēs sit quasi ea pecūnia lēgāta nōn esset#, _Leg._ 2, 53, _so that the position is the same as if the money had not been bequeathed_ (2120). #tibī̆ mēcum in eōdem est pistrīnō vīvendum#, _DO._ 2, 144, _you must live in the same mill as I_. #Homērus eādem aliīs sōpītu’ quiētest#, Lucr. 3, 1037, _Homer sleeps the same sleep as others_.

THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.

#ipse.#

2374. #ipse#, _self_, is used in contrasts.

2375. #ipse# may contrast the chief person with subordinates, or a person with any thing belonging to him.

#Catilīna ipse pertimuit, profūgit; hī quid exspectant?# _C._ 2, 6, _Catiline, their head, has fled in abject terror; his minions here, what wait they for?_ #ē̆ī mūnītiōnī, quam fēcerat, T. Labiēnum lēgātum praefēcit; ipse in Ītaliam magnīs itineribus contendit#, 1, 10, 3, _he put Labienus, his lieutenant, in charge of the fortification he had made; he hurried, himself, to Italy with forced marches_. #tēmētī nihil adlātum intellegō :: at iam adferētur, sī ā forō ipsus redierit#, Pl. _Aul._ 355, _I see there’s no wine brought :: but it soon will be, if the governor comes back from down town_. #‘ipse dīxit;’ “ipse” autem erat Pȳthagorās#, _DN._ 1, 10, _‘the old man said so;’ now “the old man” was Pythagoras_. #nāvis tantum iactūrā factā, incolumēs ipsī ēvāsērunt#, L. 30, 25, 8, _the vessel only was lost, and the sailors escaped in safety_.

2376. #ipse# is often used with personals and reflexives agreeing with the emphatic word. But the nominative is usually preferred, especially when #ipse# stands before the other pronoun, or when it stands after #per mē#, #per sē#. After #mēmet#, #nōbīsmet#, #nōsmet#, &c., it agrees with these words.

(_a._) #neque enim potest exercitum is continēre imperātor, quī sē ipsum nōn continet#, _IP._ 38, _for no commander can keep his army under control who does not keep his own self under control_. #mīles frātrem suum, dein sē ipsum interfēcit#, Ta. _H._ 3, 51, _a soldier slew his own brother, then himself_. (_b._) #ipse sē quisque dīligit#, _L._ 80, _every man loves himself_. #bellum per sē ipse, iniussū populī ac senātūs, fēcit#, L. 1, 49, 7, _he made war on his own responsibility, without orders from the people and senate_. #Iūnius necem sibī̆ ipse cōnscīvit#, _DN._ 2, 7, _Junius killed himself_. #nōn egeō medicīnā, mē ipse cōnsōlor#, _L._ 10, _I need no medicine, I am my own comforter_. (_c._) #ut nōbīsmet ipsīs imperēmus#, _TD._ 2, 47, _that we should govern ourselves_.

2377. #ipse# alone sometimes stands for an emphatic #sē# or #suus#: as,

#pertimuērunt nē ab ipsīs dēscīsceret et cum suīs in grātiam redīret#, N. 7, 5, 1, _they were much afraid that he would abandon them and come into favour with his compatriots again_. #ea molestissimē ferre hominēs dēbent, quae ipsōrum culpā contrācta sunt#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 2, _people should be most vexed at things which are brought about through fault of their own_.

2378. #ipse# is used in many combinations where _self_ is an inadequate translation. It may sometimes be translated by:

2379. (1.) _Actual_, _positive_, _even_.

#habet certōs suī studiōsōs, quōs valētūdō modo bona sit, tenuitās ipsa dēlectat#, _Br._ 64, _he has a clique of admirers, who are charmed by positive scragginess, provided the health be good_. #hōc ipsum ēlegantius pōnī meliusque potuit#, _Fin._ 2, 100, _even this might have been put more logically and better_.

2380. (2.) _Regular_, _proper_, _real_.

#flagrantem invidiā propter interitum C. Gracchī ipse populus Rōmānus perīculō līberāvit#, _Sest._ 140, _though greatly detested in consequence of the death of Gracchus, he was acquitted by the Roman people proper_. #cīvēs Rōmānī permultī in illō oppidō cōniūnctissimō animō cum ipsīs Agrigentīnīs vīvunt#, _V._ 4, 93, _a great many Romans live in that town in most friendly relations with the natives of Agrigentum_.

2381. (3.) _As well_, _likewise_, _too_, for which, from Livy on, #et ipse# is used.

#hoc Rīpheus, hoc ipse Dymās, omnisque iuventūs laeta facit#, V. 2, 394, _this Ripheus doth, this Dymas too, and all the youth alert_. #cōgitātiō Locrōs urbem recipiendī, quae sub dēfectiōnem Ītaliae dēscīverat et ipsa ad Poenōs#, L. 29, 6, 1, _a project for recovering the city of Locri, which, on the revolt of Italy, had likewise gone over to the Carthaginians_.

2382. (4.) _Alone_, _mere_.

#nōn sōlum adventus malī, sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitātem#, _IP._ 15, _not only the coming of misfortune, but even the mere dread of it brings disaster_.

2383. (5.) _Exactly_, _just_, with numerals and dates, or _right_, of place.

#annīs LXXXVI ipsīs ante mē cōnsulem#, _Br._ 61, _exactly 86 years before my consulship_. #Kalendīs ipsīs Novembribus#, _C._ 1, 8, _on the 1st of November precisely_. #in ipsō vadō dēprehēnsus Indutiomarus interficitur#, 5, 58, 6, _right at the ford Indutiomarus is caught and killed_. #suprā ipsum balneum habitō#, Sen. _Ep._ 56, 1, _I live right over a bath_.

2384. (6.) _Of oneself_, _voluntarily_, _of one’s own motion_.

#valvae subitō sē ipsae aperuērunt#, _Div._ 1, 74, _the temple-door suddenly opened of itself_. #Catilīnam vel ēiēcimus vel ēmīsimus vel ipsum ēgredientem verbīs prōsecūtī sumus#, _C._ 2, 1, _we have driven Catiline out, or let him out, or, when he was going out of his own motion, wished him godspeed_.

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.

#uter# and #quis#.

2385. #uter#, _whether_? _which_? is used in questions about two things; #quis# and #quī#, _who_? _what_? in questions about more than two, though sometimes loosely of two things.

#uter est īnsānior hōrum?# H. _S._ 2, 3, 102, _which of these is the greater crank?_ #praeclārē apud eundem est Platōnem, similiter facere eōs quī inter sē contenderent uter potius rem pūblicam administrāret, ut sī nautae certārent quis eōrum potissimum gubernāret#, _Off._ 1, 87, _in the same Plato is the excellent saying that for people to fall out with one another about which of two men should manage a state, were just as if the crew of a ship should quarrel about which of them should be pilot_. #ut quem velīs, nesciās#, _Att._ 16, 14, 1, _so that you don’t know which to choose, as between Octavian and Antony_.

2386. #quis# and #quid# ask to have a thing named; #quī# and #quod# to have it described. But see 685.

#quis Diōnem Syrācosium doctrīnīs omnibus expolīvit? nōn Platō?# _DO._ 3, 139, _who refined Syracusan Dio with learning of every sort? was it not Plato?_ #quid rīdēs#, H. _S._ 2, 5, 3, _why dost thou laugh?_ (1144). #quis fuit igitur?:: iste Chaerea.:: quī Chaerea?# T. _Eu._ 823, _who was he then?:: your precious Chaerea.:: what Chaerea?_ #quem frūctum petentēs scīre cupimus illa quō modō moveantur?# _Fin._ 3, 37, _with what practical end in view do we seek to know how yon bodies in the sky keep in motion?_

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

2387. The relative pronoun has already been treated; see 1792-1837.

THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN.

#quis# or #quī#; #quispiam#.

2388. #quis# or #quī#, a, _some_, _somebody_, always stands after one or more words of the sentence. #quis# or #quī# is used after #sī# (#nisi#, #sīve#), #nē#, #num#, #utrum#, #an#, #quō#, or #quandō#, in preference to #aliquis#, unless emphasis is intended.

#dīxerit quis#, _Off._ 3, 76, _somebody may say_. #malum quod tibī dī dabunt#, Pl. _Am._ 563, _some curse the gods will bring upon thee_. #hī, sī quid erat dūrius, concurrēbant; sī quī equō dēciderat, circumsistēbant#, 1, 48, 6, _if there was ever any sharpish work, these men would rally; if a man fell from his horse, they would close round him_. #praecipit atque interdīcit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum, neu quis quem vulneret#, 5, 58, 4, _he charges them and forbids them; they were all to assail Indutiomarus alone; and nobody was to wound anybody_ (2402).

2389. #quispiam#, _a_, _some_, _one or another_.

#forsitan quispiam dīxerit#, _Off._ 3, 29, _peradventure somebody may say_. #quispiam dīcet#, _V._ 3, 111, _somebody will say_. #cum quaepiam cohors impetum fēcerat, hostēs vēlōcissimē refugiēbant#, 5, 35, 1, _every time one or another cohort charged, the enemy fled back quick speed_ (2394).

#aliquis.#

2390. #aliquis# or #aliquī# _some one_, _some one or other_, has always some affirmative emphasis, and is opposed to the idea of _all_, _much_, _none_: as,

#nōn enim dēclāmātōrem aliquem dē lūdō, sed perfectissimum quaerimus#, _O._ 47, _for it is not some spouter from school that we aim to find, but the ideal orator_. #omnēs ut aliquam perniciōsam bēstiam fugiēbant#, _Clu._ 41, _everybody avoided him, like some dangerous wild animal or other_. #audē aliquid Gyarīs dīgnum sī vīs esse aliquid#, J. 1, 73, _venture some deed that deserves transportation, if you care to be something grand_. #nōn sine aliquā spē#, _D._ 7, _not without some hope_. #quaerō sitne aliqua āctiō an nūlla#, _Caec._ 33, _I ask whether there is some ground for an action or none_. #num igitur aliquis dolor post mortem est?# _TD._ 1, 82, _is there, then, some sense of pain after death?_ With emphasis after #sī# (2388): #sī aliquid dē summā gravitāte Pompēius, multum de cupiditāte Caesar remīsisset, aliquam rem pūblicam nōbīs habēre licuisset#, _Ph._ 13, 2, _if Pompey had sacrificed really something of his importance, and Caesar a good deal of his ambition, we might have had what would have been to some degree a commonwealth_.

2391. #aliquis# is sometimes equivalent to #aliquis alius#: as,

#cum M. Pīsōne et cum Q. Pompēiō aut cum aliquō#, _Br._ 310, _with Piso or Pompey or some other man_. #ea mihī cottīdiē aut tūre aut vīnō aut aliquī semper supplicat#, Pl. _Aul. prol._ 23, _she always offers me incense or wine or something else every day_.

#quīdam.#

2392. #quīdam#, _a_, _a certain_, denotes a thing which we cannot describe or do not care to.

#nōn inrīdiculē quīdam ex mīlitibus decimae legiōnis dīxit: plūs quam pollicitus esset, Caesarem facere#, 1, 42, 6, _one of the privates of the Tenth said a very dry thing: that ‘Caesar was doing more than he engaged to.’_ #accurrit quīdam nōtus mihi nōmine tantum#, H. _S._ 1, 9, 3, _up trots a man I knew by name alone_. #assimilis quīdam mūgituī sonus#, Suet. _Galb._ 18, _a mysterious sound like the lowing of a cow_. #vidēmus nātūram suō quōdam itinere ad ultimum pervenīre#, _DN._ 2, 35, _nature reaches perfection by a kind of road of her own_. Often in translations from Greek: as, #aliīs librīs ratiōnem quandam per omnem nātūram rērum pertinentem vī dīvīnā esse adfectam putat#, _DN._ 1, 36, _in other works he supposes ‘a kind of Reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power_, of Zeno’s doctrine.

2393. #quīdam# is often used to soften an exaggeration or a metaphor, sometimes to denote contempt.

#ēloquentissimōs hominēs innumerābilīs quōsdam nōminābat#, _DO._ 1, 91, _great speakers he named, absolutely without number_. #ad omnīs enim meōs impetūs quasi mūrus quīdam bonī nōmen imperātōris oppōnitur#, _V._ 5, 2, _for against all assaults of mine the name of a good commander is set up, like a regular wall_. #sed aliud quoddam fīlum ōrātiōnis tuae#, _L._ 25, _but there is quite a different fibre to your speech_. #nōn est eōrum urbānitāte quādam quasi colōrāta ōrātiō#, _Br._ 170, _their language lacks the tinge of an indefinable metropolitan element_. #Theomnāstus quīdam, homo rīdiculē īnsānus#, _V._ 4, 148, _a person of the name of Theomnastus, an absurd, crack-brained creature_.

[Erratum: 2392 ... he supposes ‘a kind of Reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power mismatched open quote in original; author’s meaning unclear (work cited does not use explicit quotation marks)]

#quisque.#

2394. #quisque#, _each_, _each in particular_, _each by himself_, applies what is stated of all to each several case, out of a number more than two.

#laudātī prō cōntiōne omnēs sunt, dōnātīque prō meritō quisque#, L. 38, 23, 11, _they were collectively commended in assembly convened, and received presents, each in proportion to his deserts_. #quotiēns quaeque cohors prōcurrerat, magnus numerus hostium cadēbat#, 5, 34, 2, _as the cohorts successively charged, a great number of the enemy fell every time_ (2389). #mēns cuiusque, is est quisque, nōn ea figūra quae digitō dēmōnstrārī potest#, _RP._ 6, 26, _the mind of a man is always the man, and not that shape which can be pointed out by the finger_.

2395. #quisque# is sometimes used in a relative and demonstrative sentence both.

#quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat#, _Off._ 1, 21, _let every man keep what he has got_. #id enim est cuiusque proprium, quō quisque fruitur atque ūtitur#, _Fam._ 7, 30, 2, _for that is always a man’s property which he has the enjoyment and use of_.

2396. In a complex sentence, consisting of a main and a relative sentence, #quisque# is usually expressed but once, and then in the unemphatic relative sentence. In English, the equivalent of #quisque# goes with the main sentence.

#nēmō fuit quī nōn surrēxerit, tēlumque quod cuique fors offerēbat, adripuerit#, _V._ 4, 95, _not a man but sprang from his bed, and seized in every instance such a weapon as chance threw in his way_. #theātrum cum commūne sit, rēctē tamen dīcī potest, eius esse eum locum, quem quisque occupārit#, _Fin._ 3, 67, _though the theatre is open to all, still it may be said with perfect propriety, that each spectator is entitled to the seat he has taken_. #Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat#, _V._ 4, 5, _any Roman, who went to Messana, invariably went to see these statues_ (1939). #eōrum ut quisque prīmus vēnerat, sub mūrō cōnsistēbat#, 7, 48, 2, _as they successively arrived, each man of them took his stand under the wall_.

2397. #quisque# is often used with #sē# or #suus#, superlatives, and ordinals, holding an unemphatic place _after_ these words: as,

#ipse sē quisque dīligit#, _L._ 80, _a man always loves his own self_. #suos quoique mōs#, T. _Ph._ 454, _every man his own way_. #huic prō sē quisque nostrūm medērī velle dēbēmus#, _L. Agr._ 1, 26, _this evil we ought to wish to remedy, according to our several abilities_. #optimum quidque rārissimum est#, _Fin._ 2, 81, _ever the fairest is the rarest_. #nam in forō vix decumus quisquest, quī ipsus sēsē nōverit#, Pl. _Ps._ 973, _for in the marketplace there’s scarce one man in every ten that knows himself_. #quīntō quōque annō Sicilia tōta cēnsētur#, _V._ 2, 139, _at the end of every four years all Sicily is assessed_. #quamquam prīmum quidque explicēmus#, _Fam._ 12, 1, 1, _but stay--let me explain things successively_; or, _one thing after another_. #litterās mīsit, ut is ānulus ad sē prīmō quōque tempore adferrētur#, _V._ 4, 58, _he sent a letter directing said ring to be sent to him without delay_.

2398. In old Latin #quisque# is sometimes equivalent to #quīcumque# or #quisquis#, _whoever_: as, #quisque obviam huic occesserit īrātō, vāpulābit#, Pl. _As._ 404, _whoever meets him in his wrath will catch it_. In #cuiusque generis# and #cuiusque modī#, it means _any and every_: as, #tot hominēs cuiusque modī#, _V._ 4, 7, _so many people of every sort_, i.e. #cuicuimodī#. The neuter #quidquid# for #quidque# is not uncommon: as, #cum prōcessit paulum et quātenus quicquid sē attingat perspicere coepit#, _Fin._ 5, 24, _when it has progressed a little and has begun to discover how far each thing affects it_. Masculine #quisquis# for #quisque# is doubtful (see _Fam._ 6, 1, 1).

#uterque.#

2399. #uterque#, _each_, is used of two individuals, and #utrīque# of two sets or parties. But sometimes #utrīque# is used of two individuals.

(_a._) #ut illa nātūra caelestis et terrā vacat et ūmōre, sīc utriusque hārum rērum hūmānus animus est expers#, _TD._ 1, 65, _even as the heavenly nature is free from the earthy and the humid, so the soul of man has no part in either of these qualities_ (1243). #nūtū tremefactus uterque est polus#, O. _F._ 2, 489, _at his nod trembled each pole_ (1243). #Aetōliōrum utraeque manūs Hēraclēam sēsē inclūsērunt#, L. 36, 16, 5, _both bands of the Aetolians shut themselves up in Heraclea_. (_b._) #sex fīliī nōbīs, duae fīliae sunt, utraeque iam nūptae#, L. 42, 34, 4, _we have six sons and two daughters, both already married_.

2400. Reciprocal relations (2344) are sometimes expressed by #uterque# followed by a different case of #alter#; rarely by #uterque# and a different case of the same word.

(_a._) #quōrum uterque contempsit alterum#, _Off._ 1, 4, _each of whom lightly esteemed the other_. (_b._) #abdūcī nōn potest :: quī nōn potest? :: quia uterque utrīquest cordī#, T. _Ph._ 799, _she’s not to be taken from him :: why isn’t she? :: because they’re heart to heart_. This doubling of #uterque# is found only half a dozen times; not in Cicero.

#quīvīs# and #quīlibet#; #utervīs# and #uterlibet#.

2401. #quīvīs# and #quīlibet#, _any you please_, are used either in affirmative or negative sentences. When two are spoken of, #utervīs# or #uterlibet# is used.

(_a._) #ut quīvīs intellegere posset#, _V._ 5, 17, _so that any fool might know_. #faciat quidlubet#, T. _Hau._ 464, _let him do anything he likes_. (_b._) #quī utramvīs rēctē nōvit, ambās nōverit#, T. _Andr. prol._ 10, _who knows either well, knows both_. #utrumlibet ēlige#, _Quinct._ 81, _choose either you like_.

#quisquam# and #ūllus#.

2402. #quisquam# (692), _a single one_, _any one at all_, and #ūllus#, _any_, are used chiefly in negative sentences or in interrogative, conditional, and comparative sentences implying negation, or with #sine#.

#vēnī Athēnās, neque mē quisquam ibī̆ adgnōvit#, _TD._ 5, 104, _I came to Athens and not a person there knew me_ (1659). #interdīcit omnibus, nē quemquam interficiant#, 7, 40, 4, _he warns them collectively against killing any man at all_ (2388). #hunc suā quisquam sententiā ex hāc urbe expellet?# _Mil._ 104, _will anybody at all, by his vote, banish this man from Rome?_ #quis hoc fēcit ūllā in Scythiā tyrannus?# _Pis._ 18, _what tyrant ever did this in any Scythia?_ #sī quisquam est timidus, is ego sum#, _Fam._ 6, 14, 1, _if anybody is timid, I am the man_. #quī saepius cum hoste cōnflīxit quam quisquam cum inimīcō concertāvit#, _IP._ 28, _who has measured swords oftener with the enemy than anybody ever wrangled with an opponent in private life_. #sine ūllō metū in ipsum portum penetrāre coepērunt#, _V._ 5, 96, _without a bit of fear they began to make their way right into the harbour_. #nēmō quisquam# and #nihil quicquam# are old and late: as, #lepidiōrem uxōrem nēmō quisquam habet#, Pl. _Cas._ 1008, _nobody has a jollier wife_. #noster malī nīl quicquam prīmō#, T. _Ph._ 80, _our young master didn’t make any trouble at first_.

2403. #nēmō# is generally used for #nōn quisquam#, #nēmō umquam# for #numquam quisquam#, #nihil# for #nōn quicquam#, and #nūllus# for #nōn ūllus#. If only two are spoken of, #neuter# is used. The plural #neutrī# is used of two parties.

#nēmōst miserior mē#, T. _Hau._ 263, _no man’s unhappier than I_. #nēmō igitur vir magnus sine aliquō adflātū dīvīnō umquam fuit#, _DN._ 2, 167, _nobody who is a great man was ever without some divine inspiration_. #ab nūllō ille līberālius quam ā Cluentiō trāctātus est#, _Clu._ 161, _by no man has he been treated more generously than by Cluentius_. #neutrum eōrum contrā alterum iuvāre#, Caes. _C._ 1, 35, 5, _to help neither of them against the other_. #neutrī alterōs prīmō cernēbant#, L. 21, 46, 4, _neither party saw the others at first_.

(D.) NUMERALS.

2404. Numerals are divided into Adjectives: _Cardinal_, #ūnus#, _one_, #duo#, _two_, &c.; _Ordinal_, #prīmus#, _first_, #secundus#, _second_, &c.; _Distributive_, #singulī#, _one each_, #bīnī#, _two each_, &c.; and Numeral Adverbs: #semel#, _once_, #bis#, _twice_, &c.

For the inflection of numerals, see 637-643.

[Transcriber’s Note: The following section was printed as a single large table, spanning two facing pages. It has been reformatted for this text.]

2405.

ARABIC. CARDINALS. ORDINALS. DISTRIBUTIVES. NUMERAL ADVERBS. ROMAN.

1 ūnus, _one_ (638) prīmus, _first_ (643) singulī, _one each_ (643) semel, _once_ I 2 duo, _two_ (639) secundus, _second_ bīnī, _two each_ bis, _twice_ II 3 trēs, _three_ (639) tertius, _third_ ternī, trīnī, _three each_ ter, _thrice_ III 4 quattuor, _four_ quārtus, _fourth_ quaternī, _four each_ quater, _four times_ IIII or IV 5 quīnque, _five_ quīntus, _fifth_ quīnī, _five each_ quīnquiēns, _five times_ V 6 sex, _six_ sextus, _sixth_ sēnī, _six each_ sexiēns, _six times_ VI 7 septem, _seven_ septimus, _seventh_ septēnī, _seven each_ septiēns, _seven times_ VII 8 octō, _eight_ octāvus, _eighth_ octōnī, _eight each_ octiēns, _eight times_ VIII 9 novem, _nine_ nōnus, _ninth_ novēnī, _nine each_ noviēns, _nine times_ VIIII or IX 10 decem, _ten_ decimus, _tenth_ dēnī, _ten each_ deciēns, _ten times_ X 11 ūndecim, _eleven_ ūndecimus, _eleventh_ ūndēnī, _eleven each_ ūndeciēns, _eleven times_ XI 12 duodecim duodecimus duodēnī duodeciēns XII 13 tredecim tertius decimus ternī dēnī terdeciēns XIII 14 quattuordecim quārtus decimus quaternī dēnī quater deciēns XIIII or XIV 15 quīndecim quīntus decimus quīnī dēnī quīndeciēns XV 16 sēdecim sextus decimus sēnī dēnī sēdeciēns XVI 17 septendecim septimus decimus septēni dēnī septiēns deciēns XVII 18 duodēvīgintī duodēvīcēsimus duodēvīcēnī octiēns deciēns XVIII 19 ūndēvīgintī ūndēvīcēsimus ūndēvīcēnī noviēns deciēns XVIIII or XIX 20 vīgintī, _twenty_ vīcēsimus, _twentieth_ vīcēnī, _twenty each_ vīciēns, _twenty times_ XX 21 vīgintī ūnus or ūnus et vīgintī vīcēsimus prīmus or ūnus et vīcēsimus vīcēnī singulī or singulī et vīcēnī vīciēns semel or semel et vīciēns XXI 22 vīgintī duo or duo et vīgintī vīcēsimus alter or alter et vīcēsimus vīcēnī bīnī or bīnī et vīcēnī vīciēns bis or bis et vīciēns XXII 28 duodētrīgintā duodētrīcēsimus duodētrīcēnī duodētrīciēns XXVIII 29 ūndētrīgintā ūndētrīcēsimus ūndētrīcēnī *ūndētrīciēns XXVIIII or XXIX 30 trīgintā trīcēsimus trīcēnī trīciēns XXX 40 quadrāgintā quadrāgēsimus quadrāgēnī quadrāgiēns XXXX or Xↆ 50 quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēsimus quīnquāgēnī quīnquāgiēns ↆ 60 sexāgintā sexāgēsimus sexāgēnī sexāgiēns ↆX 70 septuāgintā septuāgēsimus septuāgēnī septuāgiēns ↆXX 80 octōgintā octōgēsimus octōgēnī octōgiēns

ↆXXX 90 nōnāgintā nōnāgēsimus nōnāgēnī nōnāgiēns ↆXXXX or XC 99 ūndēcentum ūndēcentēsimus ūndēcentēnī *ūndēcentiēns ↆXXXXVIIII or XCIX 100 centum, _one hundred_ centēsimus, _one hundredth_ centēnī, _a hundred each_ centiēns, _a hundred times_ C 101 centum ūnus or centum et ūnus centēsimus prīmus or centēsimus et prīmus centēnī singulī centiēns semel or centiēns et semel CI 200 ducentī (641) ducentēsimus ducēnī ducentiēns CC 300 trecentī trecentēsimus trecēnī trecentiēns CCC 400 quadringentī quadringentēsimus quadringēnī quadringentiēns CCCC 500 quīngentī quīngentēsimus quīngēnī quīngentiēns D 600 sescentī sescentēsimus sescēnī sescentiēns DC 700 septingentī septingentēsimus septingēnī septingentiēns DCC 800 octingentī octingentēsimus octingēnī octingentiēns DCCC 900 nōngentī nōngentēsimus nōngēnī nōngentiēns DCCCC 1,000 mīlle, _thousand_ (642) mīllēsimus, _thousandth_ singula mīllia, _a thousand each_ mīlliēns, _a thousand times_ ↀ 2,000 duo mīllia bis mīllēsimus bīna mīllia bis mīlliēns ↀↀ 5,000 quīnque mīllia quīnquiēns mīllēsimus quīna mīllia quīnquiēns mīlliēns ↁ 10,000 decem mīllia deciēns mīllēsimus dēna mīllia deciēns mīlliēns ↂ 50,000 quīnquāgintā mīllia quīnquāgiēns mīllēsimus quīnquāgēna mīllia quīnquāgiēns mīlliēns ↇ 100,000 centum mīllia centiēns mīllēsimus centēna mīllia centiēns mīlliēns ↈ 1,000,000 deciēns centēna mīllia deciēns centiēns mīllēsimus deciēns centēna mīllia deciēns centiēns mīlliēns [symbol]

[Erratum: 2405 ... quadringentēsimus quādringentēsimus]

[Transcriber’s Note: In this section, [--] represents a letter or image that could not be reproduced in plain text.]

NOTATION.

2406. Numbers are noted by combinations of the characters #I# = 1; #V# = 5; #X# = 10; ↆ, later [--], [--], or #L# = 50; #C# = 100; #D# = 500; ↀ or [--], post-Augustan M = 1000.

2407. Of these signs, #V# seems to be the half of #X#, which may be Etruscan in origin. The original signs for 50 and 1000 were taken from the Chalcidian Greek alphabet (18, 19), in which they represented sounds unknown to early Latin. Thus, ↆ, in the Chalcidian alphabet representing #ch# (49), was used by the early Romans for 50, and became successively [--], [--], and #L#. The form ↆ, is found very rarely, [--] oftener, in the Augustan period; [--] is common during the last century of the republic and in the early empire; L, due to assimilation with the Roman letter, appears in the last century of the republic. The sign for 1000 was originally ↀ (Chalcidian #ph#); it became [--] (the common classical form), [--], or [--]; the form #M# as a numeral appears in the second century A. D., although M is found much earlier as an abbreviation for #mīllia# in M · P, that is #mīllia passuum#. For 100, the sign Θ (Chalcidian #th#) may have been used originally; but C (the abbreviation for #centum#) came into use at an early period. The sign #D#, = 500, is the half of ↀ.

2408. To denote 10,000 the sign for 1000 was doubled: thus, ↂ, written also [--], [--], [--]. Another circle was added to denote 100,000: thus, ↈ, written also [--], [--], [--]. The halves of these signs were used for 5000 and 50,000: thus, ↁ and ↇ; variations of these last two signs are found, corresponding to the variations of the signs of which they are the halves.

2409. From the last century of the republic on, thousands are sometimes indicated by a line drawn above a numeral, and hundreds of thousands by three lines enclosing a numeral: as, #V̅# = 5000; [--] = 1,000,000.

2410. To distinguish numerals from ordinary letters, a line is often drawn above them: as, #V͞I# = 6. This practice is common in the Augustan period; earlier, a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral, as, [--] = 2; [--] = 500.

2411. Of the two methods of writing the symbols for 4, 9, 14, 19, &c., the method by subtraction (#IV#, #IX#, #XIV#, #XIX#, &c.) is rarer, and is characteristic of private, not public inscriptions.

[Erratum: 2410 ... a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral _examples show that “across” means “through”, not “above”_]

SOME FORMS OF NUMERALS.

2412. #quīnctus#, the older form of #quīntus# (170, 4) is sometimes found in old and even in classical writers. Instead of #septimus# and #decimus#, the older #septumus# and #decumus# are not uncommon (28).

2413. In the ordinals from _twentieth_ upwards, the older forms #vīcēnsumus# or #vīcēnsimus#, #trīcēnsumus# or #trīcēnsimus#, &c., &c., are not infrequently found instead of #vīcēsimus#, #trīcēsimus#, &c., &c. (63; 28).

2414. In the numeral adverbs from #quīnquiēns# upwards, later forms in #-īēs# (63) are often found: as, #quīnquiēs#, #deciēs#, &c., &c.

2415. In cardinals and ordinals from _thirteen_ to _seventeen_ inclusive, the larger number sometimes comes first, and in cardinals #et# is sometimes used, though rarely in Cicero.

#decem trēs#, L. 37, 30, 7, _thirteen_. #fundōs decem et trēs relīquit#, _RA_. 20, _he left thirteen farms_. Rarely the smaller number comes first with #et#: as, #dē tribus et decem fundīs#, _RA_. 99, _of the thirteen farms_.

2416. Numbers from 18 to 99 inclusive which end in 8 or 9 are usually expressed by subtraction, as in the list (2405); less frequently (not in Cicero, rarely in classical writers) by addition: as, #decem et octō#, 4, 19, 4; #decem novem#, Ta. _H._ 2, 58.

2417. In compound numbers from _twenty-one_ to _ninety-seven_ inclusive, except those which end in _eight_ or _nine_ (2416), the smaller number with et usually comes first or the larger number without #et#, as in the list. But rarely the larger number comes first with #et#: as, #vīgintī et septem#, _V._ 4, 123, _twenty and seven_.

2418. In numbers from a _hundred and one_ upwards, the larger number comes first, either with or without #et#; but with distributives #et# is not used. With cardinals and ordinals the smaller number sometimes comes first with #et#; as, #iīs rēgiīs quadrāgintā annīs et ducentīs praeteritīs#, _RP_. 2, 52, _after these two hundred and forty years of monarchy were ended_.

SOME USES OF NUMERALS.

CARDINALS AND ORDINALS.

2419. Dates are expressed either by cardinals with a plural substantive or by ordinals with a singular substantive: as,

#dictātor factus est annīs post Rōmam conditam CCCCXV#, _Fam._ 9, 21, 2, _he was made dictator_ 415 U. C. (1393). #annō trecentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō post Rōmam conditam, Nōnīs Iūnīs#, _RP_. 1, 25, _on the 5th of June_, 350 U. C. (1350). The ordinal is also used with a substantive not used in the singular: as, #mancipia vēnībant Sāturnālibus tertiīs#, _Att._ 5, 20, 5, _the slaves were sold on the third day of the Saturnalia_. As the Romans, however, had no fixed official era, they had no dates in the modern sense, and marked the year by the names of the consuls.

DISTRIBUTIVES.

2420. Distributives are used to denote an equal division among several persons or things, and in expressions of multiplication: as,

#bīnī senātōrēs singulīs cohortibus praepositī#, L. 3, 69, 8, _two senators were put over every cohort_: sometimes when #singulī# is added, the cardinal is used, thus: #singulīs cēnsōribus dēnāriī trecentī imperātī sunt#, _V._ 2, 137, _every censor was assessed 300 denars_. #bis bīna#, _DN_. 2, 49, _twice two_. Poets use multiplication freely, partly for variety, but mainly from metrical necessity.

2421. Distributives are also used with substantives which have no singular, or which have a different meaning in the singular; but in this use _one_ is always #ūnī#, not #singulī#, and _three_ is often #trīnī#, not #ternī#: as,

#ut ūna castra iam facta ex bīnīs vidērentur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 74, 4, _so that one camp seemed now to have been formed out of two_. #trīnīs catēnīs vinctus#, 1, 53, 5, _in triple irons_. Similarly with things in pairs, as: #bovēs bīnī#, Pl. _Pers._ 317, _a yoke of oxen_.

2422. Poets sometimes use the singular of distributives: as, #centēnāque arbore flūctum verberat#, V. 10, 207, _and with a hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites_. #duplicī nātūrā et corpore bīnō#, Lucr. 5, 879, _twynatured and of body twain_. The plural is sometimes used in verse for the cardinal: #centum bracchia . . . centēnāsque manūs#, V. 10, 565, _a hundred arms . . . and hundred hands_.

OTHER NUMERALS.

2423. Other numerical adjectives are _multiplicatives_, ending in #-plex#; they are: #simplex#, _onefold_, _simple_, #sēscuplex#, _one and a half fold_, #duplex#, #triplex#, #quadruplex#, #quīncuplex#, #septemplex#, #decemplex#, #centuplex#; and _proportionals_, used mostly in the neuter as substantives: #duplus#, _twice as great_, #triplus#, _three times as great_, #quadruplus#, #septuplus#, #octuplus#. Besides these there are other adjectives derived from numerals: as, #prīmānus#, _soldier of the first_: #prīmārius#, _first rate_: #bīmus#, _twinter_, _two-year-old_; &c., &c.

EXPRESSION OF FRACTIONS.

2424. _One half_ may be expressed by #dīmidium# or #dīmidia pars#; other fractions with 1 as a numerator by ordinals, with or without #pars#: as, #tertia pars# or #tertia#, 1/3.

2425. If the numerator is greater than 1 it is usually expressed by the cardinal feminine, with the ordinal feminine for the denominator: as, #duae septimae#, 2/7. But besides these forms there are others, namely:

2426. (1.) Fractions with a numerator less by 1 than the denominator, except 1/2, may be expressed by cardinals with #partēs#, as, #duae partēs#, 2/3; #trēs partēs#, 3/4; #quattuor partēs#, 4/5.

2427. (2.) Fractions with 12 or its multiples as a denominator are expressed in business language by the parts of an #ās#: thus,

1/12, uncia 1/6, sextāns 1/4, quadrāns 1/3, triēns 5/12, quīncunx 1/2, sēmis 7/12, septunx 2/3, bēs 3/4, dōdrāns 5/6, dēxtāns 11/12, deūnx 12/12, ās

#ex āsse hērēs#, Quintil. 7, 1, 20, _heir to the whole_; #relīquit hērēdēs ex bēsse nepōtem, ex tertiā parte neptem#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 24, 2, _she left her grandson heir to 2/3, her granddaughter to 1/3_. #hērēdem ex dōdrante#, N. 25, 5, 2, _heir to 3/4_.

2428. Sometimes fractions are expressed by addition: as, #dīmidia et quarta#, 3/4; #pars tertia et septima#, 10/21; sometimes by division of the denominator: as, #dīmidia quīnta#, 1/10.

(E.) PROSODY.