I

I

PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE

abide abode abode am (_subjunc._, be) was been arise arose arisen awake awoke, _awaked_ _awaked_ bear bore borne, born[53] beat beat beaten beget begot begotten begin began begun behold beheld beheld _bend_ _bent_ _bent_ _bereave_ _bereft_, _bereft_, _bereaved_ _bereaved_[54] _beseech_ _besought_ _besought_ _bet_ _bet_ _bet_ bid (command) bade bidden bid (money) bid bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten _bleed_ _bled_ _bled_ _bless_ (see p. 298) blow blew blown break broke broken _breed_ _bred_ _bred_ _bring_ _brought_ _brought_ _build_ _built_ _built_ _burn_ (see p. 298) burst burst burst _buy_ _bought_ _bought_ _cast_ _cast_ _cast_ _catch_ _caught_ _caught_ chide chid chidden choose chose chosen *cleave (split)[55] _cleft_, clove _cleft_, _cleaved_ (cloven, _adj._) cling clung clung come came come _cost_ _cost_ _cost_ _creep_ _crept_ _crept_ _crow_ (see p. 299) _curse_ (see p. 298) _cut_ _cut_ _cut_ _dare_ (see p. 299) _deal_ _dealt_ _dealt_ dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn _dream_ (see p. 298) _dress_ (see p. 298) drink drank drunk (drunken, _adj._) drive drove driven _dwell_ _dwelt_ _dwelt_ eat ate eaten _engrave_ (see p. 299) fall fell fallen _feed_ _fed_ _fed_ _feel_ _felt_ _felt_ fight fought fought find found found _flee_ _fled_ _fled_ fling flung flung fly flew flown forbear forbore forborne forget forgot forgotten forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen _freight_ (see p.

299) get got got[56] _gird_ (see p. 298) give gave given go _went_ gone _grave_ (see p. 299) grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung, _hanged_[57] hung, _hanged_[57] _have_ _had_ _had_ _hear_ _heard_ _heard_ heave hove, _heaved_[58] hove, _heaved_[58] _hew_ _hewed_ hewn hide hid hidden _hit_ _hit_ _hit_ hold held held _hurt_ _hurt_ _hurt_ _keep_ _kept_ _kept_ _kneel_ (see p. 298) _knit_ (see p. 298) know knew known _lade_[59] _laded_ _laded_, laden _lay_ _laid_ _laid_ _lead_ _led_ _led_ _learn_ (see p. 298) _leave_ _left_ _left_ _lend_ _lent_ _lent_ let let let lie (recline)[60] lay lain _light_ _lighted_ _lighted_ or _lit_[61] or _lit_[61] _lose_ _lost_ _lost_ _make_ _made_ _made_ _mean_ _meant_ _meant_ _meet_ _met_ _met_ _mow_ (see p. 299) _pay_ _paid_ _paid_ _pen_(shut up) (see p. 298) _put_ _put_ _put_ _quit_ (see p. 298) _read_ _rĕad_ _rĕad_ *_reave_ _reft_, _reaved_ _reft_, _reaved_ reeve rove rove _rend_ _rent_ _rent_ _rid_ _rid_ _rid_ ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen *_rive_ _rived_ riven, _rived_ run ran run _say_ _said_ _said_ see saw seen _seek_ _sought_ _sought_ *seethe (_transitive_)[62] sod, _seethed_ _seethed_ (sodden, _adj._) _sell_ _sold_ _sold_ _send_ _sent_ _sent_ _set_ _set_ _set_ _sew_ (see p.

299) shake shook shaken _shape_ (see p. 299) _shave_ _shaved_ _shaved_ (shaven, _adj._) _shear_ (see p. 299) _shed_ _shed_ _shed_ shine shone shone _shoe_ _shod_ _shod_ shoot shot shot _show_ _showed_ shown _shred_ (see p. 298) shrink shrank shrunk (shrunken, _adj._) *shrive shrove, _shrived_ shriven, _shrived_ _shut_ _shut_ _shut_ sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat slay slew slain _sleep_ _slept_ _slept_ slide slid slid, slidden sling slung slung slink slunk slunk _slit_ _slit_ _slit_ _smell_ (see p. 298) smite smote smitten _sow_ _sowed_ _sowed_, sown speak spoke spoken _speed_ (see p. 298) _spell_ (see p. 299) _spend_ _spent_ _spent_ _spill_ (see p. 299) spin spun spun spit spit spit _split_ _split_ _split_ _spoil_ (see p. 299) _spread_ _spread_ _spread_ spring sprang sprung stand stood stood stave stove, _staved_ stove, _staved_ _stay_ (see p. 299) steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stunk stunk _strew_ _strewed_ strewn stride strode stridden strike struck struck (stricken, _adj._)[63] string strung strung strive strove striven swear swore sworn _sweat_ (see p. 299) _sweep_ _swept_ _swept_ _swell_ _swelled_ _swelled_, swollen swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken _teach_ _taught_ _taught_ tear tore torn _tell_ _told_ _told_ _think_ _thought_ _thought_ thrive throve, _thrived_ thriven, _thrived_ throw threw thrown _thrust_ _thrust_ _thrust_ tread trod trodden wake woke, _waked_ woke, _waked_ _wax_ (grow) (see p. 299) wear wore worn weave wove woven _wed_ (see p. 299) _weep_ _wept_ _wept_ _wet_ _wet_ _wet_ win won won wind wound wound wring wrung wrung write wrote written

_Bear_, _break_, _drive_, _get_ (_beget_, _forget_), _speak_, _spin_, _stink_, _swear_, _tear_, have an archaic past tense in _a_: _bare_, _brake_, _drave_, _gat_, _spake_, etc.

_Beat_, _beget_ (_forget_), _bite_, _break_, _forsake_, _hide_, _ride_, _shake_, _speak_, _weave_, _write_, and some other verbs have archaic forms of the past participle like those of the past tense. The participles in _en_, however, are now the accepted forms. _Chid_ and _trod_ are common participial forms.

_Begin_, _drink_, _ring_, _shrink_, _sing_, _sink_, _spring_, _swim_, often have in poetry a _u_-form (_begun_, _sung_, etc.) in the past tense as well as in the past participle. This form (though good _old_ English)[64] should be avoided in modern speech.

_Bend_, _beseech_, _bet_, _build_, _burst_, _catch_, _dwell_, _rend_, _split_, _wet_, have archaic or less usual forms in _ed_: _bended_, _beseeched_, _betted_, etc. _Builded_ is common in the proverbial “He _builded_ better than he knew.” _Bursted_ is common as an adjective: “a _bursted_ bubble.”

_Bid_, “to command,” has sometimes _bid_ in both the past tense and the past participle; _bid_, “to offer money,” has these forms regularly.

_Blend_, _leap_, _lean_, have usually _blended_, _leaped_, _leaned_; but _blent_, _leapt_, _leant_ are not uncommon.

_Clothe_ has commonly _clothed_; but _clad_ is common in literary use, and is regular in the adjectives _well-clad_, _ill-clad_ (for which ordinary speech has substituted _well-dressed_, _badly_ or _poorly dressed_).

_Dive_ has _dived_; but _dove_ (an old form) is common in America.

_Plead_ has past tense and past participle _pleaded_. _Plead_ (pronounced _plĕd_) is avoided by careful writers and speakers.

_Prove_ has past tense and past participle _proved_. The past participle _proven_ should be avoided.

_Work_ has past tense and past participle _worked_. _Wrought_ in the past tense and the past participle is archaic, but is also modern as an adjective (as in _wrought iron_).

Some verbs have rare or archaic weak forms alongside of the strong forms; thus _digged,_ _shined_, past tense and past participle of _dig_, _shine_; _showed_, past participle of _show_.

_Ate_ and _eaten_ are preferred to _eat_ (pronounced _ĕt_).

_Quoth_, “said,” is an old strong past tense. The compound _bequeath_ has _bequeathed_ only.

Miscellaneous archaisms are the past tenses _sate_ for _sat_, _trode_ for _trod_, _spat_ for _spit_; also _writ_ for _wrote_ and _written_, _rid_ for _rode_ and _ridden_, _strewed_ and _strown_ for _strewn_.