Opening material

CALENDAR HISTORY OF THE KIOWA INDIANS

BY

JAMES MOONEY

CONTENTS

Page Introduction 141 Age of aboriginal American records 141 Aboriginal American calendars 141 The Walam Olum of the Delawares 142 The Dakota calendars 142 Other tribal records 142 The Kiowa calendars 143 Annual calendars of Dohásän, Poläñ´yi-katón, Set-t'an, and Anko 143 The Anko monthly calendar 145 Comparative importance of events recorded 145 Method of fixing dates 146 Scope of the memoir 147 Acknowledgments 147

Sketch of the Kiowa tribe 148 Tribal synonymy 148 Tribal sign 150 Linguistic affinity 150 Tribal names 152 Genesis and migration 152 Early alliance with the Crows 155 The associated Kiowa Apache 156 The historical period 156 Possession of the Black Hills 156 The extinct K'úato 157 Intercourse with the Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa 158 Recollections of other northern tribes 160 Acquirement of horses 160 Intercourse and war with the Comanche 161 Peace with the Comanche 162 Confederation of the two tribes 164 Neutral attitude of New Mexicans 165 Relations with other southern tribes 165 First official American notices, 1805--1807 165 Explanation of "Aliatan" and "Tetau" 167 Unsuccessful overtures of the Dakota 167 Smallpox epidemic of 1816 168 The Kiowa in 1820 168 The Osage massacre and the dragoon expedition, 1833-34 168 The treaty of 1837 169 Catlin's observations in 1834 171 Traders among the Kiowa 171 First visit to Fort Gibson 172 Smallpox epidemic of 1839-40--Peace with Cheyenne and Arapaho 172 Texan Santa Fé expedition 172 Cholera epidemic of 1849 173 Fort Atkinson treaty in 1853 173 Depredations in Mexico--Mexican captives 173 Defeat of allied tribes by Sauk and Fox, 1854 174 Hostile drift of the Kiowa 175 Defiant speech of Dohásän 175 Smallpox epidemic of 1861-62 176 Indian war on the plains, 1864 176 Vaccination among the plains tribes--Set-t'aiñte 177 The little Arkansas treaty in 1865 178 Death of Dohásän 180 Kiowa raids continued 181 The treaty of Medicine Lodge, 1867, and its results 181 Renewed hostilities 186 Battle of the Washita--Removal to the reservation 187 Further insolence of the Kiowa--Raids into Texas 188 Intertribal peace council, 1872 190 Joint delegation to Washington, 1872 190 Thomas C.

Battey, first teacher among the Kiowa, 1872 193 Report of Captain Alvord 193 Release of Set-t'aiñte and Big-tree, 1873 195 Haworth's administration, 1873-78 197 First school established by Battey 198 The outbreak of 1874-75 199 Causes of the dissension 199 The Comanche medicine-man 201 Apache and Arapaho friendliness 202 Further defiance 202 Battle of Adobe Walls 203 Friendlies collected at Fort Sill 203 Fight at Anadarko, the Wichita agency 204 Set-t'aiñte 206 Progress of the campaign 210 Surrender of the Cheyenne 212 Prisoners sent to Florida 213 The Germaine family 213 Surrender of the Comanche 214 Proposition to deport hostile tribes 214 Kicking-bird 216 Changed conditions 218 Epidemics of measles and fever in 1877--First houses built 218 Agency removed to Anadarko--The last of the buffalo 218 Threatened outbreak instigated by Dátekâñ 219 Epidemic of 1882--Beginning of church work 219 Leasing of grass lands 219 Pá-iñgya, the medicine man and prophet 220 Indian court established 220 Intertribal council of 1888 221 Death of Sun-boy--The last sun dance 221 Ghost dance inaugurated--Äpiatañ's journey in 1890 221 Enlistment of Indians as soldiers 223 Measles epidemic of 1892--Grass lands leased 223 Commission for allotment of lands--Protest against decision 224 Present condition--Agents in charge of confederate tribes 225 Summary of principal events 226 Sociology of the Kiowa 227 Absence of the clan system 227 Local divisions 227 Subtribes 227 The camp circle 228 Military organization--Yä`´pähe warriors 229 Heraldic system 230 Name system 231 Marriage 231 Tribal government 233 Character 233 Population 235 Religion of the Kiowa 237 Scope of their belief 237 The sun 237 Objects of religious veneration 238 Tribal medicines of other Indians 242 The sun dance 242 The Nadíisha-dena or Kiowa Apache 245 Tribal synonymy 245 Tribal sign 246 Origin and history 246 First official American notice 251 Treaties 251 Delegation to Washington, 1872--Friendly disposition 251 Progress toward civilization--Death of Pacer, 1875 252 Recent history and present condition 252 Population 253 The

annual calendars, 1833--1892 254 1832-33. Money captured from American traders 254 1833. Massacre by the Osage and capture of the _taíme_--Pedestrian war parties--Beheading 257 1833-34. Meteoric display 260 1834. Dragoon expedition--First official intercourse--Trade established 261 1834-35. Bull-tail killed by Mexicans 269 1835. Cat-tail rush sun dance--Capture of Bóiñ-edal and Cynthia Parker 270 1835-36. Big-face or Wolf-hair killed in Mexico 270 1836. Wolf creek sun dance--Kiñep visit Crows--Battle with Cheyenne 271 1836-37. K`iñähíate killed in Mexico 271 1837. Cheyenne massacred on upper Red river 271 1837-38. Head-dragging winter 272 1838. Kiowa and allies defeat Cheyenne and Arapaho 273 1838-39. Battle with the Arapaho 273 1839. Peninsula sun dance 274 1839-40. Smallpox ravages the plains tribes 274 1840. Red-bluff sun dance--Peace with Cheyenne and Arapaho 275 1840-41. Hide-quiver war expedition--Expeditions against Mexico 276 1841. Pawnee massacred on the South Canadian 276 1841-42. Encounter with Texan Santa Fé expedition--´dalhabä´k`ia killed 277 1842. Repeated sun dance 279 1842-43. Crow-neck died 280 1843. Nest-building sun dance--Encounter with Texans 280 1843-44. Woman stabbed--Raid into Mexico--Trading post on South Canadian 280 1844. Dakota sun dance--Dakota visit Kiowa 281 1844-45.

Great expedition against Mexico--Ä´tahá-ik`i killed 282 1845. Stone necklace sun dance 283 1845-46. Bent establishes trading post on South Canadian.--Allison's post on the Arkansas 283 1846. Págunhéñte initiated--The Ka´itséñk`ia 283 1846-47. Mustache-shooting winter--Fight with the Pawnee 285 1847. Fight with the Santa Fé traders; Red-sleeve killed 286 1847-48. Camp on upper South Canadian 287 1848. Kâ´itséñko initiated 287 1848-49. Antelope drive on the Arkansas; the ceremonies 287 1849. Cholera on the plains--Treaty negotiations postponed 289 1849-50. Fight with the Pawnee--The scalp dance 290 1850. Chinaberry sun dance on Beaver creek 292 1850-51. Tañgíapa killed in Mexico 292 1851. Dusty sun dance--Treachery of the Pawnee 293 1851-52. Woman elopes and is frozen--"Stealing" a woman 294 1852. Allied tribes defeated by Pawnee--Iron-shirt killed 294 1852-53. Race horse stolen by Pawnee boy 295 1853. Showery sun dance--_Taíme_ sacrilege 295 1853-54. Raid into Mexico, Päñgyägíate killed 296 1854. Medicine-lodge creek sun dance--Confederated tribes defeated by Sauk and Fox 297 1854-55. Gyaí`koaóñte killed by the Älähó 299 1855. Sitting summer; horses worn out 300 1855-56. Big-head kills an Älähó--Raid into Mexico 300 1856. Prickly-pear sun dance 301 1856-57.

Tipis seized by the Cheyenne 301 1857. Forked-stick-sprouting sun dance--Expeditions against El Paso and the Sauk--Story of the _ä´poto_ 301 1857-58. Horses stolen by the Pawnee 305 1858. Timber-circle sun dance 305 1858-59. Gúi-k`áte killed by Mexicans--Expedition against the Ute 306 1859. Cedar-bluff sun dance 306 1859-60. Gíaká-ite abandoned to die 307 1860. Attacked by troops with Indian allies--Increasing hostility 308 1860-61. Crazy bluff winter--Revenge upon Caddo--Raid into Texas--The _zótă´_ or driveway 309 1861. Horse sacrificed at sun dance--Sacrilege against _taíme_--The lost war party 310 1861-62. Smallpox--Effect of gold discovery in Colorado 311 1862. Sun dance after the smallpox 311 1862-63. Expedition against Texas--The echo in the tree tops--The Guadagya or travel song 312 1863. Sun dance on No-arm's river 313 1863-64. Death of Big-head and Kills-with-a-gun--Anko calendar begins 313 1864. Ragweed sun dance--Kiowa stampede horses from Fort Larned; general war upon the plains 313 1864-65. Muddy travel winter--Kiowa repel Kit Carson 314 1865. Peninsula sun dance 317 1865-66. Death of Dohásän and Tä´nkóñkya--Smith's trading party 318 1866. German-silver sun dance--Whitacre the trader--Trade in silver with Mexicans 318 1866-67. Attack on Texas emigrants; Ä´pämâdalte killed--Andres Martinez captured 319 1867.

Horses stolen by the Navaho--Kâitséñko initiated 319 1867-68. Medicine Lodge treaty--Expedition against the Navaho 320 1868. Sun dance on Medicine-lodge creek--Disastrous expedition against the Ute--The _taíme_ captured 322 1868-69. Tängúădal killed; his medicine lance--Burial expedition 325 1869. War-bonnet sun dance--Expedition against the Ute 326 1869-70. Bugle stampede--The Cheyenne on the warpath 326 1870. Plant-growing sun dance 327 1870-71. Set-äñ´gya brings home his son's bones--Drunken fight--Negroes killed in Texas--Death of Ansó`te 328 1871. Koñpä´te killed--Arrest of Set-t'aiñte and other chiefs--Tragic death of Setäñgya--The Kâitséñko death song--Set-äñgya and Set-t'aiñte 328 1871-72 (1872-73). Peace with the Pawnee; removal to Indian Territory 333 1872. Bíako shot by whites in Kansas 335 1872-73. Visit of the Pueblos--Dohásän's tipi burned--Kiowa heraldic system 336 1873. Sun dance on Sweetwater creek--Gui-badái's wife stolen 336 1873-74. Set-t'aiñte released--Lone-wolf's son killed 337 1874. Sun dance on North fork--Set-t´aiñte gives his medicine lance to Ä´`to-t'aiñ 338 1874-75. Fight at Anadarko--Gi-edal killed--Prisoners sent to Florida 339 1875. Sun dance at Love-making spring--Escorted by troops 339 1875-76. Sheep and goats issued to Indians--Stock losses by outbreak 339 1876. Sun dance on North fork--Sun-boy's horses stolen--Dóhéñ´te dies 340 1876-77.

A`gábaí killed by her husband--Enlistment of scouts 340 1877. Sun dance on Salt fork of Red river--Ravages of measles 341 1877-78. Buffalo hunt--Fever epidemic--Houses built for chiefs 342 1878. Repeated sun dance--Buffalo hunt under soldier escort 343 1878-79. Hunting party attacked by Texans; Ä´`to-t'aiñ killed 343 1879. Horse-eating sun dance--Last of the buffalo--Boy shot 344 1879-80. "Eye-triumph winter"--Expedition against the Navaho--The talking owl 345 1880. No sun dance--Päbóte dies--Dead names tabooed 346 1880-81. Zoñtam's (?) house built--Last visit by the Pueblos 346 1881. Hot or hemorrhage sun dance--Instances of malformation 347 1881-82. The _dó-á_ contest--The _dó-á_ game--Dátekâñ's medicine tipi 347 1882. No sun dance because no buffalo--Stumbling-bear's daughter dies--Dátekâñ, the prophet 349 1882-83. Bót-édalte dies--Talk of grass leases 350 1883. Nez Percés visit Kiowa--The Nez Percé war--Taimete succeeds to the _taíme_ 351 1883-84. House built by Gákiñăte--Children taken to Chilocco--Visited by Sioux 352 1884. No sun dance--Kiowa haul freight 352 1884-85. House building--Woman stolen 353 1885. Little Peninsula sun dance--First grass money 353 1885-86. T'ébodal's camp burned 354 1886. No sun dance--Anko a policeman--Grass payment 354 1886-87. Suicide of Peyi 354 1887.

Buffalo bought for sun dance--Grass payment--Name changes 355 1887-88. Cattle received for grass leases 355 1888. Permission for sun dance refused--Excitement caused by the prophet Pá-iñgya 356 1888-89. Sun-boy dies--Anko splits rails 357 1889. No sun dance--Grass payment 358 1889-90. Grass payment--The _Íâm_ dance 358 1890. Last attempt at sun dance; stopped by troops 358 1890-91. Ghost dance inaugurated; Ä´piatañ's mission--Schoolboys frozen 359 1891. P´ódaläñte killed--The Cheyenne visit the Kiowa 361 1891-92. P´ódaläñte killed--Enlistment of Indian soldiers 362 1892. Terrible ravages of measles--Large grass payment--Delegation to Washington--Appropriation for house building 362 Kiowa chronology 365 Terms employed 365 The seasons 366 Kiowa moons or months 367 Moons or months of other tribes 369 The Anko monthly calendar: August, 1889--July, 1892 373 T´águñótal P´a Sän (August, 1889); no event 373 T´águñótal P´a; no event 373 Gákiñăt´o P´a; woman whipped 373 Ä`gâ´nti; no event 373 Tépgañ P´a; wagon stalled 373 Gañhíña P´a (January? 1890); annuity issue 374 Ka`gúăt P´a Sän; mares foal 374 Ka`guăt P´a; split rails 374 Aideñ P´a; horses lost 374 Pai Ä`gâ´nti; visit Cheyenne 374 Pai Tépgañ P´a; visit Cheyenne again--first ghost dance 374 Pai Gañhíña P´a (July, 1890); sun dance stopped--grass payments 375 T´águñótal P´a Sän; no event 375 T´águñótal P´a; Äpiatañ goes to the messiah 375 Gákiñăt´o P´a; Sitting-bull comes 375 Ä`gâ´nti; no event 375 Tépgañ P´a; boys frozen 376 Gañhíña P´a (January?

1891); annuity issue 376 Ka`gúăt P´a Sän (February, 1891); Ä´piatañ returns 376 Ka`gúăt P´a; wire issue 376 Aídeñ P´a; no event 376 Pai Ägâ´nti (June, 1891); Caddo and Wichita agreement 376 Pai Tépgañ P´a (July, 1891); Fourth of July races 376 Pai Gañhíña P´a; Setk`opte's wife stolen 377 T´águñótal P´a Sän; the Pueblo dance 377 T´águñótal P´a; P´odalä´ñte killed 377 Gákiñat´o P´a; made medicine--cut wood 377 A`gâ´nti (November, 1892); lunar eclipse 377 Tépgañ P´a; no event 378 Gañhíña P´a (January? 1892); annuity issue 378 Ka`gúăt P´a Sän; wire issue 378 Ka`gúăt P´a: move camp--late frost 378 Aídeñ P´a (April, 1892); emigrant to Cheyenne country 378 Pai Ä`gâ´nti: Íatäkía dies--grass payment 378 Pai Tépgañ P´a; measles epidemic--grass payment 379 Pai Gañhíña P´a (July, 1892); Fourth of July races 379 T´águñótal P´a Sän (August, 1892); visit of Cheyenne and Arapaho 379 Military and trading posts, missions, etc 381 The Kiowa language 389 Characteristics 389 Kiowa-English glossary 391 English-Kiowa glossary 430 Authorities cited 440

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

PLATE LVII. Range of the Kiowa and neighboring tribes (map) 141