1. The moon the leaves fall off.

1. The moon the leaves fall off.

2. The moon the buffalo cow's foetus is getting large.

3. The moon the wolves run together.

4. The moon the skin of the foetus of buffalo commences to color.

5. The moon the hair gets thick on buffalo foetus; called also "men's mouth" or "hard mouth."

6. The sore-eyed moon; buffalo cows drop their calves.

7. The moon the ducks come.

8. The moon the grass commences to get green and some roots are fit to be eaten.

9. The moon the corn is planted.

10. The moon the buffalo bulls are fat.

11. The moon the buffalo cows are in season.

12. The moon that the plums get red" (_Clark, 16_).

_Klamath and Modok._--Their months "do not coincide with the months of our calendar, for they extend from one new moon to the next one, and therefore should be more properly called moons or lunations. Twelve and a half of them make up the year, and they are counted on the fingers of both hands. The first moon of their year begins on the first new moon after their return from the _wokash_ harvest [about the end of August], at Klamath Marsh, which is the time when all the provisions and needful articles have been gathered in for the winter. They have now generally discarded the former method of counting moons upon fingers, and instead of it they reckon time by the seasons in which natural products are harvested (_Gatschet, 1_).

_Bannock._--They distinguish the earlier moons thus: First, "running season for game;" second, "big moon;" third, "black smoke" (cold); fourth, "bare spots along the trail" (i. e., no snow in places); fifth, "little grass, or grass first comes up." They have no names for moons after the season gets warm (_Clark, 17_).

[Illustration: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. LXXX

THE ANKO CALENDAR]

THE ANKO MONTHLY CALENDAR

(_August, 1889--July, 1893_)

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ The calendar begins about the first of August, 1889. The figure above the crescent (moon or month) is intended for the antler of a deer, in allusion to the name of this moon. No event is noted.

_T'águñótal P'a._ The same symbol is used for the month. No event is recorded, because, as Anko explains, this part of his original calendar was accidentally burned.

_Gákiñăt'o P'a._ The name means "Ten-colds moon," indicated by the ten strokes below the crescent. When this moon was one day old, a woman falsely accused of being with another man was whipped by her husband; indicated by the figure of a woman with a rod touching her head and one stroke below.

[Illustration: FIG. 193--T'águñótal P'a Sän.]

[Illustration: FIG. 194--T'águñótal P'a.]

_Ä`gâ´nti._ The first syllable of the name, _ä_, signifies a feather. Anko has therefore indicated the moon in its serial order by the figure of a feather above the crescent. No event is recorded. The three strokes show that he drew the picture on the third day of the moon.

[Illustration: FIG. 195--Gakiñat'o P'a--Woman whipped.]

[Illustration: FIG. 196--Ä`gâ´nti.]

[Illustration: FIG. 197--Tépgañ P'a--Wagon stalled.]

_Tépgañ P'a._ The name means "Geese-going moon," and the crescent lines inverted above the regular moon crescent is intended for a conventional representation of a double line of flying geese (see next figure). The rest of the picture means that his wagon was stalled on the second day of this moon.

_Gañhíña P'a_ (January? 1890). "Real-goose moon," the name being indicated by the picture of a double line of flying geese; the single stroke and the boot record the fact that the issue of annuity goods for the year began on the first day of this moon.

[Illustration: FIG. 198--Gañhíña P'a--Annuity issue.]

_Ka`gúăt P'a Sän._ The name, "Little-bud moon," is indicated by the figure of a budding tree above the crescent. The mares foal now; shown by the picture of a horse. He says the whites usually begin to plow now. It was drawn on the first day (one stroke) of the moon.

[Illustration: FIG. 199--Ka`gúăt P'a Sän--Mares foal.]

_Ka`gúăt P'a_, "Bud moon." Indicated by a tree with red buds. The rude figure of an ax sticking in the tree shows that he began to split rails in this moon.

_Aideñ P'a_, "leaf moon." The name is indicated by the figure of a tree with green leaves. He lost his horses, hunted, found them, and drove them home; shown by the representation of horses and horse tracks.

_Pai Ä`gâ´nti._ There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. In this moon (about May, 1890) the Kiowa, having first heard of the ghost-dance messiah, went and camped with the Arapaho and Cheyenne to learn more about it from them. It is indicated by pictures of the three tipis above the crescent.

[Illustration: FIG. 200--Ka`gúăt P'a--Split rails.]

[Illustration: FIG. 201--Aideñ P'a--Horses lost.]

[Illustration: FIG. 202--Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Visit Cheyenne.]

[Illustration: FIG. 203--Pai Tépgañ P'a--Ghost dance.]

_Pai Tépgañ P'a._ There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. They went again to the Cheyenne when the moon was two days old (two strokes) and danced the ghost dance with them for the first time. The picture shows two persons wearing the head feather and holding hands as in the ghost dance.

[Illustration: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. LXXXI

ANKO]

_Pai Gañhíña P'a_ (July, 1890). There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. In this moon, on July 20, 1890, the agent sent troops to prevent the sun dance, as already related (see summer 1890); there was also a payment of grass money by the cattlemen on the third day of the moon. The record is made by means of the picture of the decorated medicine pole, the three circles for dollars, and the three strokes for the time. This ends his first year of moons.

[Illustration: FIG. 204--Pai Gañhíña P'a--Sun dance stopped; Grass payment.]

[Illustration: FIG. 205--T'águñótal P'a Sän.]

[Illustration: FIG. 206--T'águñótal P'a--Ä´piatañ.]

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ No event is recorded. The name of the moon is indicated by means of a figure intended to represent the antlers of a deer.

_T'águñótal P'a._ The artist has tried to indicate the name of the moon, as before, by a picture of the branching antlers of a deer, under the human figure, intended for Ä´piatañ, who went during this moon to visit the ghost dance messiah, as already narrated. (See winter 1890-91.)

_Gákiñăt'o P'a._ The moon name is indicated as before. In this month Sitting-bull, the Arapaho apostle of the ghost dance, came to teach the doctrine to the Kiowa, and a great ghost dance was held on the Washita; this was about October, 1890 (see winter 1890-91). The human figure beside the buffalo indicates the name "Sitting-bull."

[Illustration: FIG. 207--Gákiñăt'o P'a--Sitting-bull.]

[Illustration: FIG. 208--Ä`gâ´nti.]

_Ä`gâ´nti._ The moon name is indicated as before. No event is recorded.

_Tépgañ P'a_ (January, 1891). It is indicated in the regular way. In this moon the three schoolboys were frozen to death, as already related (winter 1890-91); they ran away from the school on January 9, 1891, and are represented by the figures as wearing hats and holding out a book. Anko drew only two figures, but explains that "everybody knows there were three."

[Illustration: FIG. 209--Tépgañ P'a--Schoolboys frozen.]

[Illustration: FIG. 210--Gañhíña--Annuity issue.]

_Gañhíña P'a._ The moon is indicated as before. The annuity issue was made in this moon, shown by the pictures of a boot and a blanket. This was about the end of January, 1891.

_Ka`gúăt P'a Sän_ (February, 1891). The moon is indicated in the regular way, and the rude human figure is intended by the artist for Ä´piatañ, who returned this month (February, 1891) from his visit to the Indian messiah (see winter 1890-91). The two strokes show that he returned, or that the picture was drawn, on the second day of the moon.

_Ka`gúăt P'a._ It is indicated as before by means of a budding tree. The agent issued wire for fencing, shown by a reel of wire upon the tree, with a single stroke for the date.

_Aídeñ P'a._ It is indicated as before by a tree in foliage. No event is recorded.

[Illustration: FIG. 211--Ka`gúăt P'a Sän--Ä´piatañ]

[Illustration: FIG. 212--Ka`gúăt P'a--Wire issue.]

_Pai Ä`gâ´nti_ (June, 1891). There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. About this time a commission came to negotiate with the Caddo and Wichita for a sale of their reservation; an agreement was reached in June, 1891 (_Report, 117_). The figure shows a white man and an Indian beside a sectional figure to represent the allotments of lands, with circles above for the purchase money.

[Illustration: FIG. 213--Aídeñ P'a.]

[Illustration: FIG. 214--Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Treaty sale.]

_Pai Tépgañ P'a_ (July, 1891). There is nothing to distinguish the moon. In this moon occurs the Fourth of July, on which occasion there are always great gatherings of the Indians for races at Fort Sill and Anadarko. Anko ran races with the rest, but lost his bet. The figure shows a quirt and a dollar, for the race and the bet.

_Pai Gañhíña P'a._ There is nothing to show the name of the moon. A young man "stole" the wife of Paul Sétk`opte, indicated by the picture of a woman beside a man wearing a pair of buffalo horns, Sétk`opte when a boy having been known as "Buffalo-horns." This ends the second year of the calendar.

[Illustration: FIG. 215--Pai Tépgañ P'a--Races.]

[Illustration: FIG. 216--Pai Gañhíña P'a--Woman stolen.]

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ The figure at the extreme top is intended for a deer antler, to indicate the name of the moon. The Kiowa visited the Cheyenne to dance the "Pueblo dance," which they obtained originally from the Pueblo Indians, and received in return several war-bonnets as presents; in this dance the men carry rattles in their hands, and the women follow behind. The picture shows a man wearing a war-bonnet and holding out a rattle, while a woman follows him.

_T'águñótal P'a._ The moon is distinguished as before by a picture of a deer antler above the principal figure, which, although rudely drawn, is intended for a man with a snake near his head; this records the killing of P'odalä´ñte, "Coming-snake," as already related (see summer 1891).

[Illustration: FIG. 217--T'águñótal P'a Sän--Pueblo dance.]

_Gákiñat'o P'a._ The moon is distinguished as before by the ten strokes below the crescent. In this moon T'enétaide, "Bird-chief," alias P'ató, was sick, and they made "medicine" for his recovery, indicated by the picture of the sacred pipe; in this moon also Anko cut wood for the government, noted in the figure of a man with an ax beside a tree. The two strokes within the crescent may refer to the date either of one of the events noted or to the day on which the picture was drawn.

[Illustration: FIG. 218--T'aguñótal P'a--P'odalä´ñte killed.]

[Illustration: FIG. 219--Gákiñat'o P'a--Made medicine; Cut wood.]

_Ä`gâ´nti_ (November, 1892). The name of this moon is indicated as before by the picture of a feather above the crescent; the crescent itself is filled in with black between the horns to note the fact of the total lunar eclipse of November 4, 1892, as recorded by the Nautical Almanac.

_Tépgañ P'a._ The name of the moon is indicated as in the first instance. No event is recorded. The two strokes may mark the date of the drawing.

[Illustration: FIG. 220--Ä`gâ´nti--Lunar eclipse.]

[Illustration: FIG. 221--Tepgañ P'a.]

[Illustration: FIG. 222--Gañhíña P'a--Annuity issue.]

_Gañhíña P'a._ There is nothing to indicate the name of the month. The annuity issue of clothing, etc, about the beginning of the year 1892, is recorded as before by means of conventional representations of a boot and a blanket.

_Ka`gúăt P'a Sän._ The moon is distinguished as before, and the issue of wire for fencing, which occurs usually in early spring and soon after the annuity issue, is indicated as before by a reel of wire upon the tree.

_Ka`gúăt P'a._ The moon is distinguished in the regular way. In this month he removed from the winter camp near the agency to his home camp near the mountains; the tipi picture records the fact. In the same moon came a late frost which killed the springing vegetation; the cross notes the fact, being a pictorial representation of the gesture sign for "cut off," "stopped," or "ended."

[Illustration: FIG. 223--K'agúăt P'a Sän--Wire issue.]

[Illustration: FIG. 224--Ka`gúăt P'a--Move camp.]

[Illustration: FIG. 225--Áideñ P'a--Immigrants arrive.]

[Illustration: FIG. 226--Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Íatäkía dies; Grass payment.]

_Aíden P'a_ (April, 1892). The moon is distinguished as before by the figure of a tree in full foliage. The picture of the wagons records the appearance of emigrants in the Cheyenne country, which was formally opened for settlement on April 19, 1892.

_Pai Ä`gâ´nti._ There is nothing to distinguish the moon. A Ute captive named Íatäkía, "Ute-man," died, and the fact is noted in the picture of a man with his hand pointing downward; in accordance with the tribal custom, Anko for a long time refused to pronounce the name of the dead man. In this moon also began a grass payment, indicated by means of circles for dollars.

_Pai Tépgañ P'a._ There is nothing to distinguish the moon. He notes the great measles epidemic of the spring of 1892 (see summer 1892), and the finishing of the grass payment, by pictures respectively of a human figure with red blotches and of circles for dollars. Two strokes may indicate the date of the drawing.

_Pai Gañhíña P'a_ (July, 1892). There is nothing to distinguish the month. The picture of a man and horse records the occurrence of the Fourth of July races.

[Illustration: _Fig._ 227--Pai Tépgañ P'a--Measles; Grass payment.]

[Illustration: FIG. 228--Pai Gañhíña P'a--Fourth of July races.]

[Illustration: FIG. 229--T'águñótal P'a Sän--Cheyenne dance.]

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ The moon is distinguished by the figure of a deer antler above the principal picture, which is intended to record the visit of a large party of Cheyenne and Arapaho in full dress, for dancing purposes; they arrived on July 29,1892, and remained about two weeks.

MILITARY AND TRADING POSTS, MISSIONS, ETC, WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE ACCOMPANYING MAP

ARIZONA

Apache--1870--Existing.

Barrett--May-July, 1862.

Beale's Springs--1871--1874.

Bowie--1862--1894.

Breckenridge--1860--1862.

Buchanan--1856--1861.

Cameron, Camp--1866--1867.

Crittenden--1868--1873.

Date Creek, Camp--1867--1873.

Defiance (now Navaho Agency)--1852--1861.

Ganado, or Pueblo Colorado (trading place of Cotton & Hubbell)--Existing.

Goodwin, Camp--1864--1871.

Grant, Camp (old)--1865--1872.

Grant--1872--Existing.

Huachuca--1877--Existing.

Hualpai, Camp--1869--1873.

Keam's (trading place)--1869--Existing.

Lowell--1862--1891.

McDowell--1865--1891.

Mason--1865--1866.

Mohave--1859--1890.

Pinal, Camp--1870--1871.

Rawlings, Camp--1870.

Reno, Camp--1867--1870.

Round Rock (trading place)--

Rucker, Camp J. A.--1878--1880.

San Carlos (subpost of Fort Grant)--1882--Existing.

San Xavier del Bac Mission (Catholic)--Church erected, 1699; mission abandoned, 1750; reoccupied, 1752; practically abandoned as a mission, 1828.

Supply, Camp (old)--

Thomas--1876--1892.

Tubac (presidio and mission)--1752; presidio transferred to Tucson, 1772; reestablished, 1824, but evidently abandoned as presidio and mission shortly afterward.

Tucson--Visita of San Xavier about 1772, when presidio was transferred from Tubac; abolished as a presidio at beginning of Mexican war.

Tumacacori Mission (Catholic)--Established between 1699 and 1701; practically destroyed by Apaches, 1769; reoccupied about 1784; destroyed again by Apaches, 1820.

Verde--1866--1891.

Wallen, Camp--1866--1869.

Whipple--1864--1898.

Whipple, Camp (old)--1863--1864.

Willow Grove, Camp--1867--1869.

ARKANSAS

Smith--1817--1871.

CALIFORNIA

Yuma--1850--1883.

COLORADO

Bent's (old)--1834--1867: Originally established as a trading post by Charles Bent and Ceran St Vrain in 1834, sometimes known as Fort William. In 1860 it was occupied by the United States as a part of the new Fort Wise, established adjoining in that summer, and sometimes known as Old Fort Lyon. In 1867 Fort Wise was abandoned and (New) Fort Lyon established, the buildings of Bent's Fort being then in ruins.

Bent's (new)--1852--1853.

Collins--1864--1866.

Crawford--1880--1890.

Garland, or Massachusetts--1850--1883.

Lewis--1878.

Logan--1889--Existing.

Lupton--

Lyon (new)--1867--1889.

Morgan--1865--1868.

Pike's Blockhouse--1806.

Pike's Fort--1807.

Reynolds--1867--1872.

Sedgwick--1864--1871.

St Vrain's, trading post of Bent and St Vrain--1826--1847.

White River, Camp on--1891.

William--_see_ Bent's (old).

Wise, or Old Fort Lyon--1860--1867--_see_ Bent's (old).

IDAHO

Boisé (Hudson Bay Company and United States)--United States, 1863--Existing.

Coeur d'Alène or Sherman--1878--Existing.

Hall (Hudson Bay Company and United States--before 1844)--1883.

Henry's (Missouri Fur Company)--1809--1811.

Lapwai--1862--1885.

Lyon, Camp--1865.

Sacred Heart Mission (Catholic)--1842--Existing.

Sherman--_see_ Coeur d'Alène.

Winthrop, Camp--1866.

INDIAN TERRITORY AND OKLAHOMA

Arbuckle, Camp (on Canadian)--1850--1851.

Arbuckle, Fort (new--near Washita)--1851--1870.

Arbuckle Fort (old--on Arkansas)--June-November, 1834.

Augur, Camp--1884 (summer).

Cantonment--1879--Existing.

Chouteau's--Camp Holmes, of treaty conference in 1835; Chouteau's trading post 1835-38.

Cobb--1859--1869.

Coffee--1834--1838.

Gibson--Trading post 1822; United States 1824.

Holmes, Camp--_see_ Chouteau's.

Holmes, Fort--

McCulloch--

Madison's--_see_ "Tométe's."

Radziminski, Camp--1858--1859.

Reno--1874--Existing.

Sill--1869--Existing.

Supply--1868--1894.

"Tométe's"--Trading post established in 1836; same site occupied by Madison in 1869.

Towson--1824--1854.

Washita--1842--1861.

Wayne--1838--1842.

IOWA

Dodge, or Clarke--1850--1853.

KANSAS

Atkinson--1850--1854.

Beecher, Camp--1868--1869.

Chouteau's--1845.

Dodge--1865--1882.

Harker (at Ellsworth)--1864--1873.

Hays--1865--1889.

Larned--1859--1878.

Leavenworth--1827--Existing.

Lincoln--1863--1864.

Mann--trading post, marked on map of 1846.

Riley--1853--Existing.

Scott--1842--1865.

Wallace--1865--1882.

Zarah--1864--1869.

MINNESOTA

Ridgely--1853--1867.

Ripley--1849--1877.

MISSOURI

Carondelet (Chouteau's)--1790.

Osage--1809--1835.

MONTANA

Alexander (American Fur Company)--1842.

Assinniboine--1879--Existing.

Belknap--

Benton (American Fur Company and United States)--United States, 1869--1881.

Browning--

Canby, Camp--

Charles--

Clagett--

Cook, Camp--1866--1870.

Custer--1877--Existing.

Ellis--1867--1886.

Galpin--

Gilbert--

Harrison--1895 (September)--Existing.

Hawley--

Keogh--1877--Existing.

Kipp--

La Barge--1862.

Lewis, Camp--1874.

Lisa's (Missouri Fur Company), _a_. 1808-9; _b_. 1807-8, later site of Fort Van Buren.

Logan--1869--1880.

Maginnis (on Box Elder creek)--1890.

McGinnis (on Birch creek)--

McIntosh, Camp--

Merritt, Camp (subpost of Fort Keogh)--1892 (October)--Existing.

Missoula--1877--1898.

Owen (trading)--_see_ St. Mary's Mission.

Pease--1875--1876.

Peck--

Poplar River, Camp--1882--1893.

Saint Ignatius Mission (Catholic)--1851.

Saint Mary's Mission (Catholic)--1841--1850, then changed to trading post, Fort Owen.

Saint Peter's Mission (Catholic)--

Sarpy (America Fur Company)--1850.

Shaw--1867--1891.

Smith, O. F.--1866--1868.

Stewart--

Turnay--

Union--American Fur Company, 1832; United States, 1867.

Van Buren or Tullock (American Fur Company)--1839--1841; _see_ Lisa's.

NEBRASKA

Atkinson, or Calhoun--1821--1827.

Bellevue (Missouri Fur Company; American Fur Company; agency; mission)--1805--1854.

Crook--1896 (June)--Existing.

Hartsuff--1874--1881.

Kearney (old)--1847--1848.

Kearney (new)--1848--1871.

McPherson--1863--1866.

Niobrara--1880--Existing.

North Platte station--1867--1878.

Omaha--1868--1896.

Red Willow, Camp--1872.

Robinson--1874--Existing.

Ruggles, Camp--1874.

Sheridan, Camp--1874--1881.

Sidney--1867--1894.

NEVADA

Halleck--1877--1886.

Ruby, Camp--1862--1869.

NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque, Post--1846--1867.

Bascom--1863--1870.

Bayard--1866--Existing.

Burgwin, Cantonment--1852--1860.

Conrad--1851--1854.

Craig--1854--1885.

Cimarron or Maxwell's Ranch, trading post, established about 1848; occupied as Ute and Jicarilla agency, 1861--1872.

Cummings--1863--1886.

Defiance--_see_ under Arizona.

Fillmore--1851--1861.

Las Cruces--1863--1865.

Las Lunas--1852--1862.

Los Pinos--1862--1866.

Lowell--1866--1869.

Lyon--_see_ Wingate.

McLane--1860--1861.

McRae--1863--1876.

Marcy--1846--1897.

Mimbres--

Selden--1865--1891.

Stanton--1856--1896.

Sumner--1862--1869.

Thorn--1853--1859.

Tularosa--1872--1874.

Union--1851--1891.

West--1863--1864.

Wingate (old)--1862--1868.

Wingate--Fort Lyon 1860--1861; Wingate 1868--Existing.

NORTH DAKOTA

Abercrombie--1858--1878.

Bad Lands, Camp--1879--1883.

Berthold--American Fur Company, 1845--1862; United States, 1865--1867.

Buford--1866--1895.

Clark--

Lincoln, A.--1872--1891.

Mandan--Lewis and Clark, winter 1804-05.

Pembina--1870--1895.

Ransom--1867--1872.

Rice--1864--1878.

Seward--abandoned 1877.

Standing Rock Agency (at Fort Yates)--1874--Existing.

Stevenson--1867--1883.

Totten--1867--1890.

Yates--1878--Existing.

SOUTH DAKOTA

Bennett (Cheyenne River Agency)--1870--1891.

Dakota--1865--1869.

George--

Hale--1870--1884.

James--1865--1866.

Lookout--trading post; United States, 1856--1867.

Meade--1878--Existing.

Pierre--American Fur Company, 1819; United States, 1865--1867.

Ponca--1865--1866.

Randall--1856--1892.

Sisseton--1864--1889.

Sully--1866--1894.

Sully (old)--1863--1866.

Thompson (Crow Creek agency)--1864--1867.

TEXAS

Anderson's, trading post--

Barnard's, trading post--

Belknap--1851--1867.

Bliss--1848--Existing.

Brown--1846--Existing.

Chadbourne--1852--1867.

Charlotte, Camp--

Clark--1852--Existing.

Colorado, Camp--1856--1861.

Concho--1867--1889.

Cooper, Camp--1856--1861.

Davis--1854--1891.

Del Rio, Camp--1876--1891.

Duncan (afterward Eagle Pass)--1849--1883.

Eagle Pass (subpost of Fort Clark)--1883--Existing.

Elliott--1875--1890.

Esperanza (Confederate)--1862--1864.

Espiritu Santo Mission (Catholic)--

Ewell--1852--1854.

Gates--1849--1852.

Graham--1849--1853.

Griffin--1867--1881.

Hancock--1884--1895.

Hudson, Camp--1857--1868.

Inge--1849--1869.

Lancaster, Camp--1856--1861.

Leaton--1846----.

McIntosh--1849--Existing.

McKavett--1852--1883.

Martin Scott--1848--1866.

Mason--1851--1869.

Merrill--1850--1855.

Parker's--1835.

Peña Colorado--1892.

Phantom Hill--1851--1854.

Polk--1846--1850.

Quitman--1858--1877.

Richardson--1867--1878.

Ringgold--1848--Existing.

Sam Houston (formerly Fort San Antonio, at San Antonio)--1845--Existing.

San Rosario Mission (Catholic)--

San Saba, Camp--1851.

Scott, Camp M. J.--1854.

Sherman--(in 1856.)

Stockton--1859--1886.

Terret--1852--1854.

Torrey's, trading post (in 1843.)

Verde, Camp--1856--1869.

Wood, Camp--1857--1861.

Worth--1849--1853.

UTAH

Cameron--1872--1885.

Douglas--1862--Existing.

Du Chesne--1886--Existing.

Thornburgh--1882--1883.

Uintah (trading post)--before 1844.

WASHINGTON

Colville (Hudson Bay Company)--1820--1864.

Okinakane (Hudson Bay Company)--1811--1862.

Saint Ignatius Mission (Catholic)--1844.

Spokane--1880--Existing.

Waiilatpu (Protestant, at Whitman)--1838.

WYOMING

Augur, Camp--_see_ Washakie.

Bonneville--

Bridger--American Fur Company, about 1820; United States, 1842--1890.

Brown, Camp--_see_ Washakie.

Casper--1863--1867.

Fetterman--1867--1882.

Halleck--1862--1866.

Kearney--1866--1868.

Laramie--American Fur Company, 1834; United States, 1849--1890.

McKinney--1877--1894.

Pilot Butte, Camp (subpost of Fort Russell)--1885 (October)--Existing.

Russell--1867--Existing.

Sanders--1866--1882.

Stambaugh, Camp--1870--1878.

Steel--1868--1883.

Washakie, or Camp Brown (Shoshoni and Arapaho agency). Established as Camp Augur, later called Camp Brown, finally Fort Washakie--1869--Existing.

Yellowstone--1883--Existing.

THE KIOWA LANGUAGE

CHARACTERISTICS

So far as at present known, the Kiowa language has no affinity with any other, but it is possible that closer study and more abundant material will establish its connection with some one of the linguistic stocks on the headwaters of the Missouri and the Columbia, the region from which the tribe has migrated to the south. All of the language that has hitherto been printed is comprised in a list of one hundred and eighty words collected by Bartlett in 1852 ("Personal Narrative," 1854), and in fifteen songs of the ghost dance, published by the author in 1896 in the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. To these may be added a few words and sentences printed in phonetic type in a little paper called "The Glorious Sun," published at irregular intervals in 1895 at Anadarko by Lewis D. Hadley. There is also in possession of the Bureau an extended manuscript vocabulary with texts collected on the reservation by Albert S. Gatschet in 1880.

Although the Kiowa language is really vocalic, nearly every syllable ending in a vowel and there being but few double consonants, yet the frequency of the explosive or aspirated sounds renders it unpleasing to the ear and unfitted for melodious musical composition, such as we find in the Arapaho and Caddo songs. It has, however, a forcible effect in oratory on account of the strong distinct enunciation of nearly every vowel and syllable, the vigor of the gutturals and dentals, and the redundance of the sonorous _o_. The distinct emphasis put upon nearly every syllable gives to sentences the effect of a chant or recitation, while the frequent rising inflection lends a querulous tone to an ordinary conversation.

The language lacks _f_, _v_, and _r_. In attempting to pronounce English words, _p_, _b_, and _l_ are substituted, respectively, for these sounds, while _ch_ is changed to _ts_. The diphthong _au_ is also wanting, and short _û_ occurs only in a few words of foreign origin. With the exception of _ă_ short or obscure, the vowels are generally long. _D_ has a slight explosive sound and approximates _t_. Before _l_ it is softened or sometimes even entirely elided, the vowel being lengthened to supply the hiatus. Thus in Bartlett's vocabulary we find _ol_, _k'ul_, and _kol_ for _âdal_, _k`odal_, and _gadal_. The same change is made by the Kiowa in pronouncing English words of like character, as _s[=ā]l_ for _saddle_. The most common vowel sounds are _a_, _ä_, _e_, and _o_; _â_ with certain speakers becomes _o_, and _e_ is weakened to _i_. Nasal vowels are frequent. There are several aspirated or medial sounds and a strong explosive _k`_. Below is given the list of sounds according to the Bureau system, nasals being indicated by _ñ_. A frequent rising inflection at the end of words, represented by some authors by means of a final _h_, is here indicated by the accent _´_.

Like all other living languages, the Kiowa is undergoing a process of gradual change, and many archaic forms and expressions are used by the old men, particularly in reciting myths, which are unknown or difficult of interpretation by the younger people. The same fact has been noted among other tribes (_Matthews, 5_). The changes are more rapid in Kiowa on account of the tribal custom, already mentioned, of substituting new words for any which suggest the name of a person recently deceased. Even such common words as _dog_, _bird_, and _moccasin_ have thus been entirely changed within a few years, and some old men remember as many as three different words used at different periods for the same object. As this process has been going on for an indefinite length of time, it of course adds difficulties to the work of investigating the linguistic affinities of the language. In most, if not all cases, however, the new word is not an actual new creation, but a new combination of old root forms.

In most tribes we find the priests using in their ceremonial rites a peculiar dialect, full of archaic forms and figurative expressions unintelligible to the common people. This is probably true also of the Kiowa.

Traces of dialectic forms appear in the language, and from this fact and from statements of the old people, it is probable that some at least of the six recognized Kiowa tribal divisions previously described, were originally distinct, but cognate and allied, tribes, speaking different dialects. The extinct K`uăto particularly are said to have spoken the language in a peculiar manner.

A few words from other Indian languages, occurring in the text, are also included in the glossary. Corrupted popular forms of Indian words are printed in capital letters.

Sounds

a (long)--_pa_, buffalo bull.

ă (short or obscure)--_guăt_, picture.

â (deep, varying to _o_)--_âdal_, hair.

ä (German ä)--_tägyĭ_, wild sage.

e (long, varying to _i_)--_pe_, sand.

i (long)--_piă_, fire.

ĭ (short) not frequent.

o (long; sometimes substituted for _â_ or ă´ accented)--_po_, trap.

u (long)--_gu´ădal_, red.

ŭ (short) not common.

û (not common, only in foreign words)--_Pä´súñko_, Paseños of El Paso.

ai--_pai_, sun.

ñ (nasalized vowel)--_tseñ_, horse.

b--_bot_, stomach.

d (slightly explosive)--_do´_, tipi; _doha_, bluff.

d (evanescent)--_âdal_, hair.

g (sometimes approaching the sound of _k_)--_go_, and; _gadal_, buffalo.

h--_ho´an_, road, trail.

k--_kop_, pain.

k` (explosive)--_k`op_, mountain.

l--_älo´_, wild plum.

m--_mă´să´_, six.

n--_onhä´te_, bear.

p--_po_, trap.

p' (aspirated)--_p'o_, beaver.

s (there is no _sh_)--_sen_, nostril.

t--_tem_, bone.

t' (aspirate)--_t'a_, ear; _t'aiñ_, white.

w (very rare)--_Woháte_, a personal name.

y--_yi´a_, two.

z--_ze´bat_, arrow.

KIOWA-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

a--a game; _do´-a´_, _tso´ñ-a´_, etc.

ä--(1) feathers; singular, _ägo_, in composition, _ä-_; (2) trees, bushes, timber, wood, plants; singular _ä´do_, in composition _ä-_. _Pep_, literally "bush," is now frequently used on account of the recent death of a person in whose name _ädo_ occurs as a component.

ä[)ä]´--I come or approach; I came, _ätsä´n_; he or they came (sometimes used for return), _tsän_; come (imp. sing.) _im[)ä]´_.

Ä´anoñ´te--see _Doha´sän_ (2).

ä´-ä´oto´n--a timber clearing; from _ä_ and _ä´oto´n_, q.v.

Ä´bä´dlo´--"timber hill, or ridge" from _ä_ and _bä´dlo´_, q.v.; a bluff or hill closing in upon the bottom on the south side of the Washita at the Kiowa winter camp, 4 miles above the agency.

Ä´bäho´ko--Navaho; the old name, derived from the word Navaho; now more frequently called _Kotse´nto_, "muddy bodies" (_tse´n_, mud), from an alleged custom of painting themselves with clay. SIGN (1) "Mountain people," same as for the Ute (see _I´ătä´go_); (2) "Knife-whetters," same as for Apache (see _Tagu´i_).

abiñ´--tripe; the principal stomach of the buffalo or cow.

a´da´--island.

â´dal--hair; _â´daltem_ (literally, hair bone), head, in composition sometimes _âdal-_.

´dalbea´hya--the eucharistic "medicine" of the Kiowa, derived from the Sun-boy; sometimes called the _Tä´lyi-da´-i_, "Boy medicine," (page 238). The name refers in some way to the scalps with which it is covered, from _â´dal_, hair.

ä´dăldä--repeated (said of a ceremony), and hence might also be rendered "united" or "union," as applied to two ceremonies near together; _gi´ä´dăldäa´mo_, they will repeat the ceremony; _gi´ä´dăldäa´mi_, they have repeated the ceremony. The common word for often, or repetition, is _a`pa´_, as _a`pa´ gyäda´mo_, I am repeating or have repeated it, I have done it several times or often.

â´dalda-`gu´ăn--the scalp dance; literally "hair-kill dance," from _âdal_, _dă_, and _gu´ăn_, q.v.; scalp (noun), _ä`tä´t_ (see Winter 1849-50).

â´dalhabä´--"sloping or one-sided hair," from _â´dal_ and _habä´_, q.v.; a style of hair dress in which the hair upon the right side of the head is shaved close so as to display the ear pendants, while left full length on the left side.

´dalhabä´-k`ia--"_´dalhabä´_-man," a noted Kiowa chief killed in Texas in 1841 (see Winter 1841-42). The name refers to his peculiar hairdress, from _âdalhabä´_ and _k`ia_, q.v.

âdalhâñ´gya--money; literally "hair metal," from _â´dal_ and _hâ´ñgya_, q. v. (for explanation of name, see Winter 1832-33); softened to _â`lhâñgya_ or _o`lhoñ´gya_. Cf. _go´m-â´dal-hâ´ñgya_.

â´dalka´-i--foolish, crazy (temporarily); from _â´dal-_, head, in composition. Harmlessly demented, _â´dalka´-idă´_; stupid, _â´dalka´yom_; he has become crazy, _â´dalka´yom-dehe´dal_.

´dalka´-ido´ha´--"crazy bluff;" a bluff on the south side of Bear creek, near its head, between Cimarron and Arkansas rivers, near the western Kansas line. So called on account of a rejoicing there over a Caddo scalp (see Winter 1860-61).

â´dalka´-igihä--a crest or topknot, from _â´dal_ and _ka´-igihä´_, q.v. The kingfisher is called _âdalka´-igihä´_, on account of his topknot.

´dalk`ato´i-go--Nez Percés; "people with hair cut round across the forehead," from _â´dal_, _k`ato´i_, and _-go_, q. v. Identified by means of a picture of Chief Joseph. SIGN: Right forefinger drawn around across forehead.

´dalpe´pte--"bushy hair," an old Kiowa warrior, commonly known as Frizzle-head; from _â´dal_, _pep_, and _te_, q. v. _Âdalpep_ is also the name of a specific variety of bush.

´daltädo--see _K`apä´to_.

â´daltem--head or skull, literally "hair bone," from _â´dal_ and _tem_, q. v. In composition it becomes _âdal-_ or _â´daltoñ_, the latter being the plural form.

´daltem-etku´egan-de p'a--"head-dragging creek," from _â´daltem_, _etku´egan_, _-de_, and _p'a_, q.v.; a small tributary of Clear fork of the Brazos (_Äse´se p'a_) in Texas (see Winter 1837-38).

â´daltoñ--heads, plural form of _âdaltem_, q. v. The plural form is commonly used in the composition of proper names, as _Âdaltoñ-edal_, "Big-head;" _Sapo´dal-adaltoñ p'a_, "Owl-head creek." This pluralizing of proper-name forms is common also in other Indian languages.

´daltoñ-â´dalka´-igihä´go--Ponka; "Crested-head people," on account of their peculiar headdress, consisting of a ridge of erect hair along the top of the head from front to back, like the crest of an ancient helmet; from _â´daltoñ_, _â´dalka´-igihä´_, and go, q. v. Cf. _´daltoñ-ka´-igihä´go_.

´daltoñ-e´dal--"Big-head," from _â´daltoñ_ and _edal_, q. v.; (1) a prominent Kiowa warrior who died in the winter of 1863-64; (2) a chief still living, nephew and namesake of the other, commonly known as Comalty, from his former name _Gomä´te_, which can not be translated.

´daltoñ-ka´-igihä´go--Flatheads, literally "compressed head people," from _â´daltoñ_, _ka´-igihä´_, and go, q. v. They are sometimes also called _´daltoñ-k`iägo_, "Head people." The Kiowa indicate them in the sign language by a gesture as if compressing the head between the hands. Cf. _´daltoñ-â´dalka´-ijihä´go_.

´daltoñ-k`i´ägo--See the preceding.

ä´dalto´yi--wild sheep; plural _ä´dalto´yui_; the name refers to their going in droves or herds; also called _teñbe_, plural _te´ñbeyu´i_.

Ä´dalto´yui--"Wild Sheep," one of the six military orders of the Kiowa (see 142), from _âdalto´yi_, q. v. They are also called _Teñ´beyu´i_, from _teñ´be_, another name for the same animal.

Ä´dăm--the Kiowa name of agent Charles E. Adams (1889--1891); a corruption of his proper name.

Ä´da´n--"Timber pass," locative _Ä´da´ngyă_, from _ä_, _dan_, and _gyă_, q. v.; the valley along _Ä´da´n p'a_, q. v.

Ä´da´n p'a--"Timber-pass creek," from _ä_, _dan_, and _p'a_, q. v.; a creek north of Mount Scott, flowing south into Medicine-bluff creek, on the reservation. Se´t-ĭmki´a, _Gaa´piatañ_, and other prominent Kiowa live upon it.

A`da´te--"Island," from _a`da´_, q. v.; head chief of the Kiowa in 1833, superseded by the great Dohasän.

ADDO ETA--see _Ä´do-ee´tte_.

ä´`de--an idol or amulet carried on the person. Cf. _Ä´`dek`i´a_.

Ä´`dek`i´a--"Idol-man," from _ä´`de_ and _k`i´a_, q. v.; a Kiowa warrior, so called because he always carried an unknown _ä´`de_ a pouch slung from his shoulder.

_Ä´`dek`i´a-de p'a_--Buck or Clear creek, which enters Red river at the corner of the reservation; literally "_Ä´`dek`i´a's_ river" (see the preceding), because he died there.

ä´do or ädă´--tree, shrub, timber; plural _ä_, q. v.

Ädo´ä p'a--Mule creek, between Medicine-lodge creek and Salt fork of the Arkansas, Oklahoma; literally "timber wind-break creek," from, _ä_ and _doä_, q. v.; so called from a circular opening in the timber, resembling a wind-break. Another informant says it was so called because frequented by the Pawnee, who used always to build such wind-breaks about their camps.

ä´do-byu´ñi--a circular opening in timber; from _ä´do_ and _byu´ñi_, q. v.

Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a--Valley creek (?); a northern tributary of Elm fork in Greer county, Oklahoma; the _Ataway-taiti Pau_, of the map in U. S. Sup. Ct., Greer county case, I, 652; literally "big tree creek," from _ädo_, _ee´t_, _-de_, and _p'a_. So called on account of a large cottonwood formerly growing on its east bank, which required seven men to span it. It was afterward cut down by Mexicans. The form is plural. Cf. _Ä´gi´ăni p'a_. It was also known as _Tseñtän p'a_, from the _Tseñtänmo_ military order.

Ä´do-ee´tte--"Big-tree," from _ä´do_, _ee´t_ or _e´dăl_, and _te_; a prominent Kiowa chief, still living; spelled _Addo Eta_ by Battey.

Ä´do´mko--"people under the trees, timber people," from _ä_, _dom_, and _ko_; a collective term for the immigrant tribes from the gulf states, now in Indian Territory, the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Caddo. Individual tribes are known also by special names, as _Tsĕ´roki_ (Cherokee), _Masko´ki_ (Creek), _Ma´sep'_ (Caddo).

A-EI-KENDA (Apache)--"The One who is Surrendered;" the name with rendering as given in the treaty, of a Kiowa Apache chief who signed the treaty of 1837.

A`ga´bai´--"On-top-of-the-hill; a Kiowa woman killed by her husband in 1876-77.

Ä´`g'a´do--"wailing sun dance," from _a´`gyä_ and _g'ado_. The sun dance of 1837, so called on account of the wailing for warriors killed by the Cheyenne.

ä`ga´-i--a species of hawk.

Ä`ga´-i p'a--(1) "hawk creek;" the east fork of Elk creek on the reservation; (2) an upper branch of White river, of the Brazos, Texas.

ä´`ga´n--see _gyä´`gan_.

Ä`gâ´nti--a moon or month including parts of October and November, from _ä`gâ´ntsän_, q. v. Sometimes also called _Ä´`gântsä´nha_, or _Sä-kop p'a_, "midwinter moon," from _sä-kop_ and _p'a_. (See page 368.)

_ä`gâ´ntsän_--an irregular verb about equivalent to "I am coming soon," or "wait until I come." _Hi´tugŭ´ ä`gâ´ntsän_, "wait and I'll go."

Ä`gâ´ntsä´nha--see _Ä`gâ´nti_.

a´`gat--pimple.

a´`gat-ho´dal--measles, "pimple sickness," from _a´`gat_ and _ho´dal_.

Ä´gi´ăni p'a--the middle fork of Elk creek of Red river, on the reservation; "long, or tall, tree creek," from _ä_, _g´iăni_ and _p'a_; so called on account of a very large tree formerly upon it. Cf. _Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a._ Marcy in 1852 notes large cottonwoods on the South Canadian about 101^c, one being 19-1/2 feet in circumference 5 feet from the ground.

Ä´`go´tä--chinaberry tree or _palo duro_; "hard wood tree," from _ä_, _got_, and _ä_.

Ä`go´tä p'a--"Chinaberry creek;" Palo-duro creek, in the panhandle of Texas.

Ägu´at--see _Sä´k'ota_.

Ägun´tä p'a--Washita river; "tipi-pole timber river," from _ä_, _guntä_, and _p'a_.

a´`gyä--lamentation, wailing, crying; a loud, general, and continuous wailing, as for the dead. It has no verbal form. Crying (n.), _a´lyi_; I cry, _äa´lyi_.

Ä´gya´i`ko--Penätĕ´`ka Comanche; "timber Comanche," from _ä_ and _Gyai`ko_. Their Comanche name, Penätĕ´ka or Penätĕ´`ka, signifies "honey eaters."

äha´gyä--they took it (a quantity or number, as of cattle or money, either by trade or force). The verb has no present. _gyäha´gyä_, I have taken it (animate object or money); _gyäta´gyä_, I have taken it (inanimate object).

ahi´ñ--cedar; "conspicuous," "peculiar," on account of its green appearance in winter; said also of a pinto horse, a finely dressed chief, etc. Cf. _ä´hi´ñ_, "principal tree," i. e., the cottonwood.

Ahi´ñ do´ha--"cedar bluff," from _ahi´ñ_ and _doha_; a bluff on the north side of Smoky-hill river, about opposite the mouth of Timber creek, near Fort Hays, Kansas.

Ahi´ña toñ--"cedar spring," from _ahi´ñ_ and _toñtep_; a water hole on the Staked plain in Texas or New Mexico.

AH-PE-AH-TONE--see _Ä´piatañ_.

AH-TE-ES-TA--see _Äte´stisti_.

Ä´hyäto--Southern Arapaho; plural, _Ä´hyädal_. The name can not be interpreted or explained by the Kiowa, but is the same name applied to the wild plum bush; the first syllable, _ä_, may mean tree, bush, or timber. The Kiowa formerly called the Southern Arapaho _Komse´ka-k`i´ñähyu´p_, "men of the worn-out leggings," from _komse´_, _ka´ti_, and _k`iñ´ähi_. T'ebodal, the oldest man in the tribe, says that the name _Ä´hyäto_ was formerly applied to the Osage (see _K`apä´to_), but was changed on account of a death and revived for another tribe. The Kiowa called the Northern Arapaho of Wyoming _Tägyä´ko_, "wild sage people" (from _tä´gyĭ_ and _ko_ or _k`iäko_), and the Arapaho Grosventres, living with the Blackfeet, they call _Botk`i´ägo_, "belly people" (from _bot_ and _k`i´ägo_).

ai´deñ--leaves, foliage.

Aideñ P'a--a moon or month including parts of March and April; "leaf or foliage moon," from _ai´deñ_ and _p'a_.

A´ideñ-gyägu´ădal-om´gyä-i--see _Pao´ngya_.

Ai´koñ p'a--"dark-timber, i. e., shady, river," from _ä_, _koñ_ and _p'a_; (1) Pawnee fork of Arkansas river in Kansas, also called _Mâ´nka-gu´ădal-de p'a_, from a Comanche chief named Mâ´nka-gu´ădal, q. v., who was killed there; (2) Boggy creek, tributary of the South Canadian, on the Wichita reservation, sometimes called _Gi´atä P'ada´ti_, "ridge creek, or backbone creek," from _gi´apa´-iñgya_, on account of a high ridge which separates it from the South Canadian (see also _Aikoñ tsen p'a_).

Ai'koñ P'a Sole´go or Ai´koñ P'a Yä´`pähe´gyă--Fort Larned, Kansas, established in 1859 on the south bank of Pawnee fork, 8 miles above its junction with the Arkansas, It was the issue point for the southern plains tribes until their removal to Indian Territory. The name signifies "soldier place on Dark-timber river," from _Aikoñ p'a_, _sole´go_ or _yä´`pähe´_, and _gyă_. Also called Mânka-gu´ădal-de P'agya, Yä´`pähe gi´ădal-de´e, q.v.

A´ikoñ tsen p'a--Lebos creek, Greer county, Oklahoma; "dark timber mud creek," or "muddy dark-timber creek," from _Aikoñ p'a_ and _tsen_. Sometimes called simply Aikoñ p'a.

ak`a´--rough, notched, serrated.

äk`a´--I am lying down; he is lying down, _k`a_. Cf. _k`a_, knife.

aka´-i--wrinkled.

akan(-gya)--last (of a series); at the end; in composition _aka´n_.

äko´ä--I spy.

Äk`o´dalte--"Feather-necklace," a Kiowa warrior and shield maker (see Winter 1853-54). Abbreviated from _Äk`o´dalpä´te_, from _ä_, _k`o´dalpä_, and _te_.

Ä´läho´--Quapaw? Omaha? Described as a tribe living north from the Osage, and with the same language and style of shaving the head. Gaa´piatañ, who knows the name of the Quapaw, says they are the Äläho´. The name occurs in the early French narratives, as Anahou, Anahon, Anahous, and Annaho, described as the Osage or a part of them (Joutel, 1687; La Harpe, 1719; Bienville (?), 1719; in Margry, VI). Dorsey stated that the Osage, Quapaw, and Kaw speak one dialect, and the Omaha and Ponka another dialect, of the same language. The name has no meaning to the Kiowa, who say that it is the name used by the Äläho´ themselves. It can hardly be intended for the Omaha, whom the Kiowa call _O´moho´ñko_.

älo´--plural _älâ´go_, the wild plum; _t`äbälo´_, "antelope plum," a smaller bush variety; _señ-älo´_, "prickly _älo´_," the prickly pear; _pa´gi-älo´_, "downy _älo´_," peach; _älo-sâhe´_, "green _älo´_," apple; _älo´-gu´ak`o_, "yellow _älo´_," orange; _älo´-koñ´kya_, "black _älo´_," prune.

âm, âmo--the root of the verb to do, to make; I make it (generic), _gyädâ´mo_; I make it (dress, arrow, etc), _gyätâ´mo_; I make butter, etc, _giâ´mo_.

an--a track.

änä´obahe´ma--we must die (from Kâitse´ñko song). Cf. _hem_.

Ä´ndali--for "Andres;" Andres Martinez, an influential Mexican captive among the Kiowa and delegate in 1894 (see Winter 1866-67).

añga´dal--beyond, more.

Añga´-ite´--"Ankle," a Mexican captive and Florida prisoner in 1875. There is no real word for ankle, which is described as "foot joint," etc.

Ango´pte--see _T'ene´-ango´pte_.

añgya--sitting; _ääñgya_, I sit; _ä´ñgya_, he sits.

A´nko´ or A´nkopa´-iñgyade´te--"In-the-middle-of-many-tracks," from _an_, _kopa´-iñgya_, _de_, and _te_. A Kiowa warrior, author of two of the calendars, commonly abbreviated to Anko´.

anso´, anso´i--foot.

A´nso-gi´ăni or Anso´`te--"Long-foot," from _anso´_, _gi´ăni_, and _te_; a noted priest of the _taíme_, who held it for forty years, from before 1833 until his death in the winter of 1870-71. Commonly abbreviated to Anso´`te.

ä´ntsenku´ădal--"he (she) built a nest there," literally, "he put clay (?) there;" a bird's nest is called _tsen_, which also is the word for "mud," possibly because some birds build nests of clay; _tsengiâ´mo guato_, "the bird is building a nest." A bird's nest is also called _gu´ăto-do´_, "bird house."

äo´päñ--he was initiated into the Kâ´itseñko, q. v.; I am, etc, _äo´päñ_; they were initiated, etc, _edo´päñ_; to initiate into the Kâ´itseñko, _äo´pä_, from verb _äo´pä_, "to tie with a rope around the neck" (see Summer 1846). I tie it, _gyäpä´imo_; I tie him with a rope around his neck (not necessarily to choke him), _gyäo´pä_; I choke him with my hand, _gyäo´`de_.

ä´oto´n--they were massacred, exterminated, or annihilated; also to clear off, as timber; I exterminate them, _de´oton_; we shall exterminate them, _e´dato´ndo´_.

A'pämâ´dal(te)--"Struck-his-head-against-a-tree," a Mexican captive killed in Texas in the winter of 1866-67. From _äpâdeâ´dalgop_, "I strike my head against a tree;" _ä_, tree; _â'dal-_, head, in composition.

äpäñtsep--they left him (it) tied; I tie him (uncommon), _gyäpä´ñi_; I leave him tied, _gyäpä´ñtsep_.

a´`pata´--far up, far off; a word used in pointing out the top of a very tall tree, the end of a long rope or a sky depth; intended to convey the idea of going out of sight.

A´päta´te--"Far-up," from _ä´`päta´_ and _te_; a Kiowa rendering of the name of the Cheyenne chief, Wo´ifdo´ĭsh, "Touch-the-clonds," killed by the Pawnee in 1852. He was also called K`a-t'ogyä, "Knife shirt," or Hâ´ñt'o´-gyäk`i´a,` "Iron-shirt-man" (Cheyenne, _Mä-ai´-tai´-ĭ´stsĭ-hĭ´nă´_) on account of a cuirass which he wore, probably taken from Mexico (see _k`a_, _t'ogyä_, _hâñgya_, _k`ïa_).

Ä´pätdo´ p'a--Cimarron river, Oklahoma, "river of trees with low spreading branches," from _ä_, _pä´tdo´_, and _p'a_. Also sometimes called _Doha´te-hem-de p'a_, "river where Doha´sän died" (in 1866), from _Doha´te_, _hem_, _-de_, and _p'a_.

ä´pätsä´t--tree tops, from _ä_ and _pätsä´t_.

a´peñ.--otter.

A´peñ-gu´ădal--"Red-otter;" a Kiowa warrior, brother of old Lone-wolf (see Winter 1873-74). From _a´peñ_ and _gu´ădal_.

Ä´piatañ--"Wooden-lance;" a Kiowa delegate to the messiah, 1890, and to Washington, 1894; also spelled _Ah-pe-ah-tone_ (_Report, 113_). The name implies a lance without a metal blade, like Set-t'aiñte's famous _zebat_, from _ä_ and _piătañ´ga_.

ä´poto--a branch or limb of a tree; a forked stick or rod; one of the large forked poles which support the roof of the medicine lodge; from _ä_ and _po´to´_ (see story, Summer 1857).

ä´sâhe´--ragweed (_Ambrosia psilostachya_), literally "green plant," from _ä_ and _sâhe´_. It is used medicinally by the Kiowa for persons and horses, and on account of the resemblance to its bitter taste the name has been transferred to pickles, _äsâhe´_, whence also _ä´sâhe´toñ_, vinegar.

ase´--a creek or small stream. The word is seldom heard, _p'a_ being generally used for all streams, large or small.

a´se´gya--spring (the season), an archaic word which can not be analyzed (see page 366). It is also known as _so´npa´ta_, "grass sprouting," from _son_ and _gyäpa´ta_.

ä´semtse--he was stolen. I steal, _gyäse´mdo_ or _gyäse´mk`o_; I steal a horse, cow, etc, _gyäse´mk`op_; they stole them (horses, etc), _eda´se´mk`op_; thief, _se´mät_, hence their name for the Kiowa Apache.

Ä´sese p'a--Clear fork of Brazos river, Texas; literally, "wooden arrowpoint river," from _ä_, _se´se_, and _p'a_. The Comanche name, conveying the same meaning, is _Tä´`ka-ho´novĭt_. Cf. _Se´sep'a_.

_Ätäbĭts_ (Comanche)--see _Ĕ´sikwita_.

Ä´-tagu´i--the Lipan and the Mescalero Apache; "timber Apache," from _ä_, and _Tagu´i_. It seems to refer more particularly to the Lipan, the Mescalero usually being called by their Comanche name of _Ĕ´sikwita_.

ä´taha´-i--a war-bonnet, literally "feather crest," from _ä_ and _taha´_. The war-bonnet is the most showy part of an Indian warrior's dress, and consists of a cap and crown of eagle feathers, with a pendant of the same feathers fixed in a broad streamer of red cloth or buffalo skin of sufficient length to trail upon the grotind when the wearer stands erect. Cf. _ä´tä`lä´_.

Ä´taha´-i Gyä´`gan-de Ase´--"creek where they bought the war-bonnet;" the fourth creek entering North fork of Red river from the north below Sweetwater creek, western Oklahoma; so called because some returning warriors brought to the Kiowa camp there a war-bonnet taken from the Ute (see Summer 1869). From _ä´taha´-i_, _gyä`ga´n, -de_, and _ase´_.

Ä´taha´-ik`i--"War-bonnet-man," a Kiowa warrior killed in Mexico in 1844-45; also known as _Set-k`o´dalte_, "Bear-neck;" from _ä´taha´-i_, _k`i_, _set_, _k`odal_, and _te_.

ät'a´kagu´a--antelope "medicine" for hunting antelope; literally, "they surrounded (_äka´gu´a_) antelope (_t'a_);" present, used only for ceremonial or "medicine" surround, _ät'a´kayi´_. The common word is _egi´atä´da_, "they are surrounding him" (see Winter 1848-49).

Ä´-t'a`ka´-i--"timber Mexicans," inhabitants of Tamaulipas and both sides of the lower Rio Grande; from _ä_, and _t'a`ka´-i_.

Ä´-t'a`ka´-i Dombe, or _Ä-t'a`ka´-i-gyă_--Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and southeastern Texas; literally, "Timber-Mexican country," from _Ä´-t'a`ka´-i_, _dombe_, and _gyă_ (see _Toñhe´ñ-t'a`ka´-i-do´mbe_).

ä´tä`lä´--a feather headdress, an imitation from the Ute and other western tribes, made of feathers bent or doubled in a peculiar manner; from, _ä_ and _tä`lä´_.

Ä´tä`lä´te--"Feather-headdress," a Kiowa warrior in 1888-89; from _ä´tä`lä´_ and _te_.

a´tän--sour, bitter.

ätä´ndo--"he has a headdress of upright feathers;" said of one of the _Tseñtä´nmo_, q. v.

atäñ´ta--I am dissatisfied.

a´täntai´--salt, from _a´tän_ and _t'aiñ_ (?).

A´täntai´-gyäk`udal-de´e´--"salt place," "where there is salt;" the salt beds on the upper South Canadian, at the New Mexico line.

A´täntai´ p'a--"salt river," from _a´täntai´_ and _p'a_; (1) Salt fork of Arkansas river, Oklahoma; (2) Elm fork of Red river, Greer county, Oklahoma; (3) a southern branch of the South Canadian, above _Dä´ñpeä p'a_ (White-deer creek?), in the Texas panhandle, near where the Ute captured the _taíme_ in 1868, and near the New Mexico line. Near it was a salt deposit, from which the Indians procured salt. The Salt fork of Red river is called by the Kiowa _Dä-mä´tan-ä p'a_, q. v.

ATAWAY-TAITI PAU--see _Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a_.

_Äte´stisti_ (Comanche)--"Little-horn," a Comanche signer of the treaty of Medicine Lodge, 1867; spelled Ah-te-es-ta on the treaty.

äti--entrails. Cf. _sadal_.

ä´`to--cowbird? The ordinary name for the common cowbird is _tseñ-gu´ato_, "horse bird."

äto´ñ--bones, his (?) bones. Cf. _tem_.

Ä´`to-t'aiñ--"White-cowbird," from _ä´`to_ and _t'aiñ_; a Kiowa war chief, brother of Sun-boy, and killed by Texans in 1878-79. In 1874 Set-t'aiñte had given him his _zebat_ or medicine lance, for which reason he was sometimes known as Zebä-do-k`ia, "Man-who-has-the-arrows" (plural form), from _zebä_, _gyädo´_, and _k`ia_.

Äyä--"Sitting-on-a-tree" (?). A boy saved from the Osage massacre in 1833. The name seems to be abbreviated from Äyä´ñgya, "Sitting-on-a-tree," from _ä_ and _ä´ñgya_, but may possibly be for _Äyä´ñti_, "(He is)-Walking-on-a-tree," or _Äyäñ´yi_, "Dreaming-on-a-tree."

Ä´yä´daldä--"Timber hill," from _ä_ and _yä´daldä_; a hill near the southern Kansas line, on Medicine-lodge creek, hence called _Ä´yä´daldä p'a_.

Ä´yä´daldä p'a--"Timber-hill river" (see preceding); Medicine-lodge creek, which flows southward from Kansas into the Salt fork of the Arkansas. The noted treaty was made here in 1867 (see Winter 1867-68).

azä´, azai´--udder.

Azä´tañhop--"those who went away dissatisfied on account of the udder," from _azä´_, _atäñ´ta_, and _hop_; a traditional seceding band of Kiowa.

äzo´n--pomme blanche (_Psoralea esculenta_); a characteristic plains plant, the root of which is eaten in early summer by probably all the tribes of the plains.

äzo´t--driftwood; a dam formed by driftwood; from _ä_ and _zo´_ (?), the root of the verb "to flow."

Äzo´t p'a--"Driftwood creek, from _äzo´t_ and _p'a_; Two-butte creek, a southern tributary of the Arkansas, below Bent's Fort in Colorado; so called from quantities of driftwood from freshets along its lower course. Near its head, is a "double mountain" (Two buttes?).

_Bab´i`pa´_ (Apache)--an Apache signer of the treaty of 1867, called on the treaty "Mah-vip-pah, Wolf's sleeve."

badai´--(he is) appearing (as from, over a hill); I am appearing, _äba´dai´_; he is appearing or coming in sight, _badai´_ or _badä´_.

ba´dlo´--another name for hill, ridge, or bluff. Cf. _k`op_, _yä´daldä_, _do´ha´_.

Bä´o (-te)--see _Guñsa´dalte_.

bä´otse´yu--cat; from _bä´o_ (onomatope?) and _tse´yu_.

bätso´!--run to it! hurry toward it! implying hurrying to shelter or protection, as _tso´ bätso´! k`op bätso´!_

BA-ZHE-ECH (Apache)--an Apache signer of the treaty of 1867, called on the treaty "_Ba-zhe-ech, Iron Shirt_."

be´dal--mouth; properly, lips; singular, _be´ta_.

Be´dalgu´ăt--see _Do`gu´ăt_.

be´dalpa´--beard; literally, "mouth down or fur," from _be´dal_ and _pa_; the more common word is _senpo_, q. v.

Be´dalpa´go--white people, particularly Americans; literally, "bearded people," from _be´dalpa´_ and _gó_. Other Kiowa names for the whites are: (1) _T'a`ta´-i_, an old word signifying "prominent or flapping ears," from _t´a_ and _ka´-i_, from the fact that the shorter hair of the white men makes their ears appear more prominent; the same name is also applied to a mule. (2) _Hâñpo´go_, "trappers," from _hâ´ñpo´_ and _go_, because some of the first whites known to them were American trappers. (3) _Ganoñ´ko_, "growlers," on account of their coarse voices, as regarded by the Indians. (4) _Gañto´nto_, "cap wearers," from _gañto´n_. (5) _Bo´yoñko_, "blonds;" singular, _Bo´yoñk`i´a_, from _boiñ_ and _ko_ or _k`ia_.

Be´dalpaheñ´ko--see _Te´guă-go_.

Belo--"Pedro," the Kiowa corruption of the name of a Carrizo (Mexican) captive, a Florida prisoner in 1875, and still (1897) living.

_Be´shĭltchă_ (Apache)--the Kiowa Apache name for the Kiowa.

_Bi´ăko_--Viejo (?); a Mexican captive and a Florida prisoner in 1875; still living.

biăn, biănta--large. Cf. _edal_.

bi´ăndäta--it boils, boiling.

bi´ăsot--shower, showery; _bi´ăso´tdă´_, it is drizzling.

bi´ĭmkâ´-i--a parfléche box, pouch, box; wooden box, _ä´-o`kâ´-i_.

bodal--abnormal, or useless (?); cf. _ka´-bodal_ and _T'a-bodal_. A somewhat similar word, _p'o´dălta_, in composition, _p'o´dal_, q. v., signifies decayed or rotten.

Bo´he´--not translatable and probably of foreign origin; a Kiowa man still living, said to have six fingers on each hand. His brother, _Masa´te_, "Six," had six toes on each foot.

boho´n--cap, especially a war cap, ornamented with feathers, and sometimes with buffalo horns. _Bo´ho´nta_ or _k`an-bo´ho´nta_, (a white man's) hat, from _boho´n_ and _k`an_, squeezed or compressed, perhaps referring to the split in the middle or to the brim doubled up.

Boho´n-ko´ñkya--"Black-cap;" a former Kiowa chief, one of the signers of the treaty of 1837, where his name appears as "Bon-congais, the Black Cap." Catlin painted his picture in 1834 (pl. LXXVI herein) under the name of "Bon-son-gee, the New Fire." Imo´tä, a son of ´dalpe´pte, is properly Boho´n-ko´ñkya, named from this chief.

bo´iñ--blond, bright. Cf. _tsoñda_.

Bo´iñ-e´dal--"Big-blond;" a German captive, taken in 1835, still living among the Kiowa (see Summer 1835).

Bo´loi--not translatable, probably corrupted from a foreign (Spanish?) name; a Mexican captive and Florida prisoner in 1875, still living.

BON-CONGAIS--see _Boho´n-ko´ñkya_.

bo´npä--sweathouse; more commonly called _sä´dalgu´ăt_, from _sä´daltep_, _sweat_.

Bo´npä p'a--see _Tépgañ p'a_.

BON-SON-GEE--see _Boho´n-ko´ñkya_.

Bon toñ--"stinking water, or spring," from _gyäbo´nse_, it stinks, and _toñ_ or _toñtep_; a water hole on the Staked plain, probably so called on account of sulphur or alkali impregnation. Probably Sulphur springs, in Martin county, Texas, at the head of the Colorado.

bot--stomach, belly.

Bot-e´dalte--"Big-stomach," from _bot_, _e´dal_, and _te_; a Kiowa woman who died in the winter of 1882-83.

Botk`i´ägo--Arapaho Grosventres; "belly people," from _bot_ and _k`i´ägo_. Cf. _Ä´hyäto_.

Bo´yoñko--see _Be´dalpa´go_,

byu´ñi--circle, circular.

CATAKA--see _Tagu´i_ and Kiowa Apache synonymy.

CAYGUA--Spanish form of _Gâ´igwŭ_ (see Kiowa synonymy).

CEAR-CHI-NEKA--see _Si´ăchĭ´nika_.

CET-MA-NI-TA--see _Setmä´nte_.

CHA-HON-DE-TON--"Cha-hon-de-ton, the Flying Squirrel," the name of a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as it appears in the document.

_Cho´nshita´_ (Apache)--An Apache signer of the treaty of 1867. The name appears on the treaty as "Cho-se-ta, or Bad Back."

CHO-SE-TA--see _Cho´nshita´_.

COMALTY--see _´daltoñ-e´dal_.

CON-A-HEN-KA--"Con-a-hen-ka, the Horne Frog" (sic), a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as the name appears in the treaty. The horned frog (toad or lizard) is called _se´hän_, and the correct name may possibly have been _Se´hänk`i´a_, "Horned-toad-man." In the treaty of 1867 T'ene´-ango´pte, "Kicking-bird," appears as "Ton-a-en-ko or Kicking Eagle."

CORBEAU--see _Gaa´-boho´n_.

dä--(1) eye; (2) star.

-dă--kill (in composition).

Da do´ha´--"medicine bluff," from _da´-i_ and _do´ha´_; Mount Rochester, etc., on the upper South Canadian, Texas panhandle.

Da´goi--a Kiowa hero (see story, Summer 1857). The name seems to contain the word _da´-i_, "medicine."

da´gya--song.

_Daha_ (Apache)--a Kiowa Apache chief and delegate in 1872; still living.

Da´hä´te--see _Mamä´nte_.

daho´tal--they kill us. See _eho´tal_.

da´-i--"medicine," sacred, religious, mysterious; _da´-i_, "medicine," in the ordinary English sense, is sometimes distinguished from _da´hä_, medicine, in the Indian sense of sacred or mysterious; _Dak`i´a_, God; _Daki´ada_, Sunday.

Daki´ada--Sunday; "medicine day," from _da´-i_ and _ki´ada_.

Daki´a-sä´n--Saturday; "little medicine day," from _da´-i_, _ki´ada_, and _sän_.

dam--(1) war path, war expedition; (2) first.

Dä´-mä´ta´n(-ta)--"star girls," from _dä_ and _mä´ta´n_; the Pleiades. There is a myth to account for the name. A ceremonial invocation and sacrifice were formerly made to them by mothers on behalf of their sick children, but the last priestess of the ceremony is now dead.

Dä´-mä´ta´n-ä´ p'a--Salt fork of Red river in Greer county, Oklahoma; literally, "Star girls (i. e., Pleiades) tree river," from _Dä´-mäta´n_, _ä_, and _p'a_; so called from a noted tree formerly there, which grew from the sprouting of a twig driven into the ground to support the "medicine" on occasion of a ceremonial sacrifice performed by the mother of Stumbling-bear (see above). The tree was about 30 miles up the creek and was finally cut down by the Comanche.

da´m-koñ´kya--evening; literally, "first darkness," from _dam_ and _koñkya_; also called _deko´mdo´le(-gya)_, from an archaic root referring to slight darkness.

dan--canyon, pass.

dan´--shoulder.

Da´npä´--see _Dohasän_ (_4_).

dä´npa´-iñgya--crown of the head.

Dä´n-pa´-iñgyat'a´-i--"Bald-head," "bald on the crown of the head," from _dä´nto´_, _dä´npa´-iñgya_; Lawrie Tatum, agent for the Kiowa and allied tribes, 1869--1873.

dä´nto´--bald; I am bald, _ä´dä´nto´ită´_.

Da´tekâ´ñ.--"Keeps-his-name-always;" it contains the root of _kâ´ñgya_, name; a Kiowa who assumed the role of prophet in 1881-82, taking the name of Pa´te´pte, "Buffalo-bull-coming-out," from _pa_, _tep_, and _te_.

_Datûmpa´ta_ (Hidatsa?)--given as the Hidatsa name for the Kiowa (see Kiowa synonymy).

_Däve´ko_ (Apache)--a Kiowa Apache chief and medicine man.

-de (in composition)--(1) all, many; (2) a possessive suffix ("of"), sometimes equivalent to "when," "where," or "there," as _Pai´-tälyi´-de tseñko_, Sun-boy's horses; _Pa´-ä´ngya tsä´n-de sai_, "winter when Sitting-bull came," "winter of Sitting-bull's coming."

De´ä´ p'a--"All-kinds-of-trees creek," or "Many-trees (or bushes) creek;" a stream in Kansas somewhere about Fort Dodge.

-de´e´--there is, where is; a suffix in composition.

degañ´ta--I trade (either buying or selling); gañta, trading; _gañ´ta do´_, trading house; _gañ´tak`i´_, trader.

de´hi´ñ--late afternoon, after about three oclock. Cf. _deki´äsa_.

deki´äsa--afternoon, until about three oclock. Cf. _de´hi´ñ_.

deko´mdo´le(-gya)--see _da´mko´ñkya_.

de´ngyä--ice.

De´ngyä-ko´ñ k`op--"Black-ice mountain," from _de´ngyä_, _ko´ñkya_, and _k`op_; a mountain on the southern edge of the Staked plain; so called from the appearance of the ice frozen on the branches of the trees after a rain while a Kiowa war party camped there (see Winter 1834-35).

de´no`te´li--gypsum; the word contains _teli_, "white clay." The Kiowa use it, when burned, to fasten arrowheads.

De´no`te´li p'a--Gypsum creek, Greer county, Oklahoma; "gypsum creek," from _de´no`te´li_ and _p'a_.

do--an intensive in composition, equivalent to "very" or "too," as _do´ye´t_, very large.

do´--tipi, house; plural, _do´ta_.

do´-a´--"tipi game," from _do´_ and _a_. For description see Winter 1881-82.

do´ä´--a circular windbreak or fence of brushwood around a tipi to keep off the force of the wind; from _do´_ and _ä_.

Doä´dal-koñ´kya--"Black-kettle" (plural form); the Kiowa name of the Cheyenne chief "Black-kettle," killed in the battle of the Washita, 1868. See the next.

Doä´dal-koñ´kya-eho´tal-de´e--"where Black-kettle was killed" from _Doä´dal-koñ´kya_, _eho´tal_, and _de_; the place of the "battle of the Washita," in western Oklahoma, November 27, 1868.

do´a´t--condition of ceremonial mourning; in mourning; _do´ătda_, he is in mourning. At such times they gash themselves, cut off their hair and the hair of their horses' tails, neglect their dress and discard their ornaments and paint, isolate themselves and wail night and morning in lonely places. The regular word for "crying" is _a´lyă_.

doä´to, plural doä´dal--pot, kettle; _koä´to_, plural _koä´dal_, plate, pan.

do´bä--face; in composition _do_.

Do´-e´dalte--"Big-face;" a Kiowa warrior killed in 1835-36.

dogâ´i--white faced (as applied to an animal); having the face of a color different from that of the rest of the body; from _do´bä_ and _gâ´idă_. Cf. _Gâ´igwŭ_.

Do-gi´ägyä-gu´ăt--"battle picture tipi," from _do´_, _gi´ägyä_, and _gu´ăt_; the hereditary tipi of Doha´sän's family (see Winter 1872-73 and plate LXXIX).

do`go´t-ä´--oak, oak tree, literally "very hard wood," from _do_, _got_, and _ä_; they now say _ka`do´li-ä_, which conveys the same idea, on account of the death of a woman named Do`go´tä about five years ago. _Do`go´t-e´_, acorn, literally "oak fruit."

Do go´t-ä p'a--Oak creek or Post-oak creek, a small southern tributary of the Washita in County H, Oklahoma; literally, "oak creek," from _do`go´t-ä_ and _p'a_. The name has recently been changed to _Ka`do´li-ä p'a_ (see the preceding).

Do`gu´at--Wichita, with their cognate tribes the Waco and Tawakoni, and presumably also the Kichai; singular _Do`gu´atk`ia_, literally "pictured, or tattooed faces," from _do´bä_ and _gu´ăt_, on account of their practice of tattooing; sometimes also called Be´dalgu´ăt, "tattooed mouths;" singular, _Be´dalgu´ătk`i´a_, their Comanche name; _Do´`kana_ conveys a similar meaning. They call themselves _Kĭtikĭti´sh_, spelled _Kidi-ki-tashe_ in the Greer county testimony.

Do`gu´at k`op--"Wichita mountain," from _Do`gu´ăt_ and _k`op_. The Kiowa call by this name only those at the western end, between Elk creek and the North fork of Red river, on the reservation, in the vicinity of the old Wichita village (see Summer 1834). For the rest of the group they have names only for particular peaks.

do´guătal--a young man.

Do´guătal-e´dal--"Big-young-man," from _do´guătal_ and _e´dal_; a sacrilegious Kiowa warrior in 1861.

Do´guătal-tai´de--"Young-man-chief," from _do´guătal_ and _tai´de_; agent Lieut. Maury Nichols, in charge 1893-94.

do´`gyäho´n--she was frozen; I am freezing, _ädo´`gyäho´n_.

do´ha´--bluff.

Doha´, Doha´te, or Doha´-sän--"Bluff" or "Little-bluff," from _do´ha´_, _sän_, and _te_; the hereditary name of a line of chiefs in the Kiowa tribe for nearly a century. The name has been borne by at least four of the family, viz: (1) The first of whom there is remembrance was originally called _Pa´-do`gâ´-i_ or _Pado'gâ_, "White-faced-buffalo-bull" (from _pa_ and _do-`gâ´-i_), and this name was afterward changed to _Doha´_ or _Doha´te_, "Bluff." He was also a prominent chief. (2) His son was originally called _Ä´anoñ´te_ (a word of doubtful etymology), and afterward took his father's name of _Doha´te_, which was changed to _Doha´sän_, "Little Dohate," or "Little-bluff," for distinction. He became a great chief, ruling over the whole tribe from 1833 until his death in 1866. His portrait was painted in 1834 by Catlin, who calls him _Teh-toot-sah_, and his name appears on the treaty of 1837 as _To-ho-sa_, the "Top of the Mountain." (3) His son, whose widow is Anki´mä, inherited his father's name, Doha´sän, was also a distinguished warrior, and died about three years ago. His scalp-shirt and war-bonnet case are now in the National Museum. (4) The nephew of the great Doha´sän II and cousin of the last mentioned (3) was also called Doha´sän, and always wore a silver cross with the name "Tohasan" engraved upon it. He was the author of the Scott calendar, and died in 1892; shortly before his death he changed his name to _Da´npä´_, "Shoulder-blade," from _da´n_, "shoulder" (?), leaving only Anki´mä's husband (3) to bear the hereditary name, which is now extinct.

Doha´te-he´m-de p'a--see _Ä´pätdo´ p'a_.

Dohe´ñko--the Carrizo, and probably also the Karankawa; "shoeless people," from _do´ti_, _heñ-_, and _ko_. The Tonkawa also called both these tribes and others on the Texas coast the "shoeless" or "barefoot people" (Gatschet). The Kiowa know the name Carrizo from having still among them some captives of that tribe, and state that they wore sandals instead of regular moccasins. Also called _Kâ´nhe´ñko_ and _Yi´atä´teheñko_, from _kân_ and _yi´atä´te_, other synonyms for _do´ti_, moccasin, q. v.

Dohe´ñte--"No-moccasins," or "Barefoot," a keeper of the _taíme_, who succeeded Anso´`te in 1873 and died in the winter of 1875-76; called _Tohaint_ by Battey.

Do´ho´n--Mandan, said to mean "last tipi," from _do´+_; an older form of the same name is _Dowa´koho´n_, and they are also sometimes called _Sa´bă´_, "stingy."

do´`ka´ñi--bark (of a tree); contains _ka´ni_, shell or rind.

Do´`ka´ñi k`op--"bark mountains," the Santa Rosa mountains in northern Coahuila, Mexico.

Do´`ka´ñi-t'a`ka´-i--"Bark (mountain) Mexicans," those in the vicinity of the Santa Rosa mountains, Coahuila (see the preceding).

Do´-ko´nsenä´go--Chiricahua Apache; "People of the turned-up moccasins," from _do´ti_, _ko´nsenä´_, and _go_; the "Hooked or Curved Toe Apache" of Clark (page 33). They are now prisoners of war at Fort Sill on the reservation, and were known to the Kiowa under this name before their removal from Arizona.

dom, dâm--(1) earth; (2) under, in composition.

Doma´ñk`i´ägo--see _Gu´igyä´ko_.

do´mba´--bugle, flute, flageolet. Nearly every tribe of the plains and eastward has its native flute.

do´mbe--country, region, from _dom_ or _dâm_.

Domo´ntoñ--ocean; literally seems "water surrounding the earth," from _dom_ and _toñ_. They have no specific names except by description.

do´n--fat (noun); I am fat, _ädo´n_.

Do´n p'a--South Platte river; "fat river," on account of the former abundance of the buffalo there. According to Clark, the South Platte is known to the tribes as Fat or Greasy or sometimes as Goose river.

do´nä´i--pecan; literally, "fat or oily tree fruit," from _do´n_, _ä_ and _i_ or _e_. Another name is _oñ´guă_.

Do´nä´i p'a--(1) Elk creek of North fork of Red river, on the reservation; it was formerly called _Ko`ga´-i p'a_, "Elk creek." Elk have been seen in the adjoining portion of the Wichita mountains within the last twenty years. (2) Nueces river, Texas, called also _Nakü´`tävä hono_, "Pecan river," by the Comanche. The Kiowa name also signifies "Pecan river." (3) The southernmost tributary of _Señ p'a_ (Salado, Nuevo Leon, Mexico), i. e., probably the Sabinas Hidalgo branch (lower Salado).

doñ´iga--far below, as at the bottom of a well or canyon. Deep is _zoñ_.

Doñ´iga-p'a´da´-de´e or Doñ´iga-p'ak`a´dee--Cataract canyon; Colorado canyon, Arizona; literally, "it has," or "there is" (_da´_) a river (_p'a_) lying (_k`a_) there (_de´e_) far below (_doñ´iga_). The Kiowa have visited both canyons, and tell of killing several Havasupai (Coconino), who seemed unused to enemies, in a raid upon their canyon home on Cataract creek.

do´npä--cat-tail rushes (_Equisetum arvense_), singular, _do´npä´ga_. The name is connected with _do´n_, "fat," from the resemblance in the edible portion; kidney fat is also called _do´npä_. The Indians eat raw the soft white portion at the base of the stalk.

do´ti--moccasin, shoe; this is the oldest word, and has held its own. Other words used instead at various periods on account of deaths, are _yi´atä´te_ and _kân_.

Dowa´koho´n--see _Do´ho´n_.

-e, or -i--fruit, berry, grain, nut, in composition; perhaps same as _i_, child or offspring, q. v.

e´dăl--great, large, big; another word used is _bi´ăn_, _bi´ăntă_. Variants are _et_, _e´do´_ or _e´dă_, and _e´e´t_; _edal_ is generally used for animate objects and for tipi or house; _e´do´_ or _e´dă´_ is used for inanimate objects generally; _et_ is generally used for inanimate objects, but may also be used for man, horse, and dog; _e´e´t_, a plural form, is used for tree, box, and some others. It is large, _et_; they are large, _ebi´ăn_.

eda´se´mk`op--they stole them (horses). Cf. _ä´semtse_.

edo´nmo--they are searching or hunting for something; I search or hunt for, _gyädo´nmo_.

edo´päñ--they were initiated as _Kâ´itseñko_. Cf. _äo´päñ_.

eet--see _edal_.

e´`gu´--a plant (i. e., something planted to grow from seed or cutting; not something growing without human aid); from _e_ and _gu´ă_, to plant; I plant, _gyäte´gu´ă`dă_; plant it! _bäte´gŭ´!_

E´`gua p'a--Chandler creek, on the reservation; literally, "Garden creek," frome _e´`gu´_ and _p'a_, because the Apache had their principal cornfields there.

eho´tal--he was killed; I kill him, gyäho´taldă; he killed him, _äho´tal_; I killed him, _gyäho´tal_ (_gyälho´tl_); they killed us, _daho´tal_; kill him! _äho´!_ _ho´tăl!_

ek`i´ädă--it sprouted, it has sprouted, it is growing; said of the young plant when it appears above ground; _gyäk`i´ädă_, growing, sprouting. Cf. _gyäk`i´ädă_.

E´maä--not translatable; a Kiowa woman, keeper of the _taíme_ since 1894.

E´oñte--a Kiowa man, otherwise known as _Gu´ădal-e´dal_, "Big-red;" the word may have connection with _eoñ´to_, I like him.

eoñ´ti--I like him. Cf. _Gyai´`koao´ñte_.

E´`pea--"We-(they-)are-afraid-of-him," from _gyäpe´to_; a Kiowa warrior, who died a prisoner in Florida after 1875.

ES-A-NANCA--see _Ĭsänä´năka_.

_Ĕ´sikwi´ta_ (Comanche)--"brown dung," so called, it is said, from the color produced by eating piñon nuts in the mountains, or perhaps an allusion to the appearance of the favorite "mescal bread" of the tribe. Mescalero Apache; a Comanche name adopted by the Kiowa to designate the same tribe; sometimes also called _Ätäbĭts_ by the Comanche; under the name of _Essequeta_ or _Essequeta Apache_, the Kiowa Apache have sometimes been confounded with them, and the Kiowa sometimes confound them with the _Ä´tagu´i_ or Lipan.

ESSEQUETA--see _Ĕ´sikwi´ta_.

et--see _edal_.

eta´`ga--they shot it, or them; I shoot, _deta´`bo´_; I shall shoot, _deta´`tito´_; I shot (either with bow or gun), _deta´`ga_; shoot! _beta´`de!_

E´tälyidonmo--"He-(they-)hunts-for-boys," from _tä´lyi´_ and _edo´nmo_; a Florida prisoner in 1875, afterward a student and worker in his tribe.

etku´egan--they brought it dragging (i. e., a head); I drag it, or him, _deku´eba´_; I bring it dragging, _deku´egan_.

eto´dă.--they (poles) were left standing; I leave it standing, _deto´di´`to_.

e´tpata--they ate it (ashes); I eat, _gyä`pa´ta_. Cf. _gyäpa´ta_, it is sprouting.

etpe´--they were afraid, or frightened. Cf. _gyä`pe´to_.

e´zăn, e´zhăn--agent, i. e., Indian agent; corrupted from "agent."

E´zănyă, E´zhănyă --the agency, at Anadarko, Oklahoma, from "agent," "agency;" sometimes referred to as _Ägun´tä p'a´-gyă_, "at Washita river," or _E´zăn-do´i_, "at the agent's house."

FISH-E-MORE--see _T'a`ka´-i-p'o´dal_.

gaa´--an archaic name for crow (now _ma´ñsă´_; cf. _mă´să´_, six), still used in composition in proper names.

Gaa´-boho´n--"Crow-bonnet;" a Kiowa chief, signer of the treaty of 1867, where he is called "Corbeau, or The Crow." He never wore a shirt, but in winter threw a buffalo robe over his naked shoulders.

Gaa´-k`i´ägo--Crow Indians, "Crow people;" it is said they are sometimes called also _Koñ-k`i´ägo_, "black people," but this is probably another name for the Ute or _I´atä´go_, q. v.

Gaa´-k`o´dalte--"Crow-neck," from _gaa´_, _k`o´dal_, and _te_; a Kiowa chief, who died in 1842.

Gaa´piata´ñ--"Feathered-lance" from _gaa´yi_ and _pi´atañ´ga_; an old Kiowa war chief, better known as Heidsick, a corruption of _Hai´tsĭki_, the Comanche rendering of his Kiowa name.

gaa´yi--a feathered lance sheath, made usually of red cloth with pendent eagle feathers and drawn up over the shaft of the lance, leaving the blade exposed.

ga´bodălyi´ or ga´bodli--sheep or goat; possibly from the Spanish _cabra_. The wild sheep is called _teñbe_, and the name is sometimes applied also to the domestic sheep.

Ga´bodly k`op--see _Teñbe k`op_.

ga´dal--buffalo; now sometimes used also for cattle; _pa_, a buffalo bull.

ga´dal-ä´--see _ta´-ä_.

Gadalkoko--see _K`iñ´ähi-pi´äñko_.

Gado´mbitso´ñhi--"old woman, under the ground;" a sacred image formerly belonging to the Kiñep division (see page 239).

Gâ´i--Kiowa, in composition; _Gâ´i-gwŭ_, the Kiowa tribe; _Gâ´imä_, a Kiowa woman; _Gâ´ido´ñ_, the Kiowa language; _ĭmgâ´ido´ñ_, say it in Kiowa.

Gâ´i K`at'a--see _K`at'a_.

Gâ´i k`op--"Kiowa mountains;" that portion of the Rocky mountains at the head of Missouri and Yellowstone rivers; so called because the Kiowa formerly lived there. Farther south they are called _I´ătä k`op_, "Ute mountains," and in Mexico, _K`ob-e´tă_, "great mountains."

Gâ´i-gwŭ´--(1) the Kiowa tribe; (2) one of the recognized six divisions of the Kiowa tribe, and probably the original nucleus of the tribe. In this word the root is _gâ´i_, while _gwŭ_ is the tribal suffix, more usually formed as _go_ or _ko_, q. v. The word seems to be derived from _gâ´idă_, implying having a half or part of different color from the rest; perhaps in this case alluding to some old style of face or body paint or to the former custom of wearing the hair cut short on one side of the head, as already noted. A feather of the war eagle is described as _gâ´idă´_, because one-half of it is white and the other black; a white-face horse is called _do´-gâ´idă´_. Cf. _Pa-do`gâ´-i_, "white-face-buffalo-bull."

ga´kiñ--ten. Cf. _pägo_.

Ga´kiñăte--"Ten," from _ga´kiñ_ and _te_; a Kiowa warrior, brother of Lone-wolf, 1883-84.

Ga´kiñăt'o P'a--"moon of ten cold (days)," from _ga´kiñ_, _gyät'o´_, and _p'a_; the first moon of the Kiowa year, comprising parts of September and October (see page 368).

gañ--goose.

Gañe´tä--see _O´konoñ-yä´dăldä_.

Gañhi´ña P'a--"real, or principal, goose moon," from _gañ_, _hiñ_, and _p'a_; a Kiowa moon or month, including parts of December and January (see the calendar).

Gano´ñko--see _Be´dalpa´go_.

Gañ´sa--Kansas or Kaw Indians; from their own name.

Ga´ñsûñko--see _Ga´ñsa_.