Elementary Composition · Part 24

U. S. A., United States army.

U. S. M., United States mail.

U. S. N., United States navy.

vid. (Latin, vide), see.

viz. (Latin, videlicet), to wit, namely.

APPENDIX

A. RULES FOR SPELLING

I. For dropping or retaining the final e.

1. Words ending in e, preceded by a consonant, usually drop e on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel.

move moving believe believing conceive conceiving receive receiving achieve achieving

2. Words ending in ue drop e on taking a suffix.

argue arguing fatigue fatiguing Exception: vague, vaguely, vagueness.

3. Words ending in e retain e on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant.

move movement large largely hoarse hoarseness peace peaceful sense senseless whole wholesome remorse remorseless advertise advertisement

4. Words ending in ce or ge retain e on adding able, ably, or ous.

change changeable courage courageous notice noticeable outrage outrageous

II. For doubling the final consonant.

1. Words of one syllable (and words of more than one syllable if accented on the last syllable), ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the first consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

thin thinner forgot forgotten slap slapping trot trotting acquit acquitting begin beginner

2. When the accent is thrown back upon another syllable, after the derivative is formed, the final consonant is not doubled.

refer reference prefer preference

3. When preceded by two vowels, the final consonant is not doubled.

toil toiling keep keeper

III. For final y.

1. Words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, retain y before a suffix beginning with i; on taking a suffix beginning with any other letter, y is in most cases changed to i.

cry crying lazy laziness fly flying duty dutiable try trying happy happiness

2. Words ending in y, preceded by a vowel, retain y before a suffix.

buy buying gray grayness play playing stay staying joy joyful obey obeying

B. MODEL OF CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE I. Name.--This club shall be known as the ......

ARTICLE II. Object.--Its object shall be the ......

ARTICLE III. Officers.--Its officers shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary, and a treasurer. There shall also be ...... committees of ...... each. These officers and committees shall be elected by the club at each annual meeting, as provided for in the by-laws.

ARTICLE IV. Meetings.--The club shall hold an annual business meeting on ......, and a regular meeting every ...... None but members shall be present, except as provided in the by-laws. ...... members shall constitute a quorum. Special meetings may be called by the president upon the written application of ...... members.

ARTICLE V. Membership.--......

ARTICLE VI. Dues.--The [annual] dues shall be ...... payable on ......

BY-LAWS

ARTICLE I. Duties of Officers.--SECTION 1. President and vice-president.--The President shall preside at meetings of the club and shall ...... The vice-president shall preside at meetings in the absence of the president and shall ......

SECT. 2. The Secretary.--The secretary shall keep a correct record of all meetings and shall ......

SECT. 3. The Treasurer.--The treasurer shall receive and pay out all money, subject to the order of the club, and shall keep a correct account in detail of all receipts and expenditures, and shall render a report in writing at the annual meeting.

SECT. 4. Standing Committees.--The duties of the committees shall be as specified below ......

ARTICLE II. Election of Members.--......

ARTICLE III. Visitors.--......

ARTICLE IV. Programme of Meetings.--......

ARTICLE V. Amendments.--This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the club by a two-thirds vote of the members present, provided that written notice of the intended change has been given at the previous meeting.

INDEX

(THE NUMERALS REFER TO PAGES.)

I. SUBJECTS TREATED

Advertisements, 135.

Appeals, 133.

Argument, general principle of, 214; the introduction, 215; the reasons, 217; the outline, 220; the plea, 221; other forms of, 221.

Autobiography, 140.

Biography, 142.

Clause, defined, 4; dependent or subordinate, 4; independent or principal, 5.

Condensation, 67; method in, 71.

Description, observation necessary in, 155; general scientific description, 158; specific scientific, 162; use of technical terms in, 163; literary description, 164; of people, 169; longer description, 172; description of conditions, 174; by contrast, 176; of events, 177; picture making of scenes of action, 179; description of travel, 182; descriptions of an hour, 185.

Diary, value of, 106; contents of, 107; imaginary diaries, 109; class diaries, 109.

Expansion, 78; purpose of, 79.

Exposition, general principles of, 199; explanation of a material process, 201; of games, 204; of abstract ideas, 208; by example and comparison, 208; by repetition, 210; by contrast, 211; by a figure of speech, 211.

Figures of speech, 59.

History, 144.

Invitations, formal, 122.

Letters, various kinds of, 112; friendly, 113; of social intercourse, 119; formal invitations, 122; telegrams, 123; business letters, 125.

Metaphor, 59.

Narration, essentials of a good narrative, 137; autobiography, 140; biography, 142; history, 144; plain reporting of facts, 150; conversation, 152; travel, 182; historical stories, 188; fictitious stories, 191; the beginning of a narrative, 193; the ending, 196; the body, 197.

Notices, 130.

Oral composition, 102.

Outlines, 92, 98, 220.

Paragraph, defined and described, 29; beginning of or topic sentence, 30; unity in, 35; body of, 37; too many paragraphs, 41; end of paragraph or summary sentence, 42; arrangement in a whole composition, 96.

Paraphrase, 80, 84.

Petitions, 134.

Phrase, defined, 4.

Pronunciation, 104.

Punctuation, 246.

Quotations, how punctuated, 44, 259.

Secretarial work, 225.

Sentence, distinguished from phrase and clause, 4; simple, complex, and compound, 7; variety in the use of sentences, 14, 19; length of, 14; periodic, 17; loose, 18; bad, 21, 22, 23, 25; "comma" sentence, 22; with and without unity, 23; formless, 25.

Simile, 59.

Slang, 63.

Spelling, 62.

Synonyms, 53.

Telegrams, 123.

Travel, 182.

Unity, in sentences, 23; in paragraphs, 35; in whole compositions, 97.

Versification, 234.

Vocabulary, size and character of English, 50; increasing one's vocabulary, 50.

Whole composition, 88; outline of, 92, 98, 220; arrangement of paragraphs in, 96; essentials of, 97; how to plan a, 98.

Words, 49; vocabulary, 50; synonyms, 53; choice of words, 55; accuracy in the use of, 58; errors in the use of, 62.

II. ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

Addison, Joseph, The Spectator, 209, 212.

Ames, Azel, How the Pilgrims Came to Plymouth, 144.

Baldwin, James, A Story of the Golden Age, 30.

Bryant, William C., To the Fringed Gentian, 158.

Buckley, Arabella, Fairyland of Science, 70.

Burroughs, John, Locusts and Wild Honey, 156; Squirrels and Other Fur-bearing Animals, 192.

Cooper, James Fenimore, The Pilot, 71.

Dickens, Charles, A Child's History of England, 69, 75, 177, 188; David Copperfield, 167, 169, 186.

Franklin, Benjamin, Autobiography, 43.

Garland, Hamlin, Main-traveled Roads, 174.

Gregory, Lady, Through Portugal, 182.

Hardy, Thomas, Far from the Madding Crowd, 179.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, Mosses from an Old Manse, 83.

Hughes, Thomas, Tom Brown's Schooldays, 63.

Irving, Washington, Rip Van Winkle, 43; Astoria, 81, 82; Life of Columbus, 83; Stratford-on-Avon (The Sketch-Book), 88.

Kane, Elisha E., Arctic Explorations, 70.

Leavitt, R. G., Outlines of Botany, 158.

Lockyer, J. N., Astronomy, 92.

Long, William J., Ways of Wood Folk, 31.

Longfellow, Henry W., The Courtship of Miles Standish, 82; The Bridge of Cloud, 83; Walter Von der Vogelweid, 85.

Lowell, James R., The Vision of Sir Launfal, 84.

Main, E., Cities and Sights of Spain, 204.

Merriam, Florence A., Birds through an Opera Glass, 160, 162.

Motley, J. L., Correspondence, 170.

Nicolay, Helen, The Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln, 32.

Parkman, Francis, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, 180.

Prescott, William H., The Conquest of Mexico, 82.

Sheridan, Richard B., The Rivals, 58.

Thoreau, Henry D., Excursions, 165.

Whittier, John G., The Barefoot Boy, 84.

Yonge, Charlotte M., A Book of Golden Deeds, 93.

Printed in the United States of America.

The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects.

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