The Grammar of English Grammars · Part 67

"Say, dost thou know Vectidius? Whom, the wretch Whose lands beyond the Sabines largely stretch?"--Dryden cor.

LESSON V.--VERBS.

"We should naturally expect, that the word depend would require from after it."--Priestley's Gram., p. 158. "A dish which they pretend is made of emerald."--L. Murray cor. "For the very nature of a sentence implies that one proposition is expressed."--Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 311. "Without a careful attention to the sense, we should be naturally led, by the rules of syntax, to refer it to the rising and setting of the sun."--Dr. Blair cor. "For any rules that can be given, on this subject, must be very general."--Id. "He would be in the right, if eloquence were what he conceives it to be."--Id. "There I should prefer a more free and diffuse manner."--Id. "Yet that they also resembled one an other, and agreed in certain qualities."--Id. "But, since he must restore her, he insists on having an other in her place."--Id. "But these are far from being so frequent, or so common, as they have been supposed to be."--Id. "We are not led to assign a wrong place to the pleasant or the painful feelings."--Kames cor. "Which are of greater importance than they are commonly thought."--Id. "Since these qualities are both coarse and common, let us find out the mark of a man of probity."--Collier cor. "Cicero did what no man had ever done before him; he drew up a treatise of consolation for himself."--Biographer cor. "Then there can remain no other doubt of the truth."--Brightland cor. "I have observed that some satirists use the term." Or: "I have observed some satirists to use the term."--Bullions cor. "Such men are ready to despond, or to become enemies."--Webster cor. "Common nouns are names common to many things."--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "To make ourselves heard by one to whom we address ourselves."--Dr. Blair cor. "That, in reading poetry, he may be the better able to judge of its correctness, and may relish its beauties." Or:--"and to relish its beauties."--L. Murray cor. "On the stretch to keep pace with the author, and comprehend his meaning."--Dr. Blair cor. "For it might have been sold for more than three hundred pence, and the money have been given to the poor."--Bible cor. "He is a beam that has departed, and has left no streak of light behind."--Ossian cor. "No part of this incident ought to have been represented, but the whole should have been reserved for a narrative."--Kames cor. "The rulers and people debauching themselves, a country is brought to ruin." Or: "When the rulers and people debauch themselves, they bring ruin on a country."--Ware cor. "When a title, (as Doctor, Miss, Master, &c.,) is prefixed to a name, the latter only, of the two words, is commonly varied to form the plural; as, 'The Doctor Nettletons,'--'The two Miss Hudsons.'"--A. Murray cor. "Wherefore that field has been called, 'The Field of Blood,' unto this day."--Bible cor. "To comprehend the situations of other countries, which perhaps it may be necessary for him to explore."--Dr. Brown cor. "We content ourselves now with fewer conjunctive particles than our ancestors used."--Priestley cor. "And who will be chiefly liable to make mistakes where others have erred before them."--Id. "The voice of nature and that of revelation unite." Or: "Revelation and the voice of nature unite." Or: "The voice of nature unites with revelation." Or: "The voice of nature unites with that of revelation."--Wayland cor.

"This adjective, you see, we can't admit; But, changed to 'WORSE,' the word is just and fit."--Tobitt cor.

LESSON VI.--PARTICIPLES.

"Its application is not arbitrary, or dependent on the caprice of readers."--L. Murray cor. "This is the more expedient, because the work is designed for the benefit of private learners."--Id. "A man, he tells us, ordered by his will, to have a statue erected for him."--Dr. Blair cor. "From some likeness too remote, and lying too far out of the road of ordinary thought."--Id. "In the commercial world, money is a fluid, running from hand to hand."--Dr. Webster cor. "He pays much attention to the learning and singing of songs."--Id. "I would not be understood to consider the singing of songs as criminal."--Id. "It is a case decided by Cicero, the great master of writing."--Editor of Waller cor. "Did they ever bear a testimony against the writing of books?"-- Bates's Rep. cor. "Exclamations are sometimes mistaken for interrogations."--Hist. of Print, cor. "Which cannot fail to prove of service."--Smith cor. "Hewn into such figures as would make them incorporate easily and firmly."--Beat, or Mur. cor. "After the rule and example, there are practical inductive questions."--J. Flint cor. "I think it will be an advantage, that I have collected my examples from modern writings."--Priestley cor. "He was eager to recommend it to his fellow-citizens."--Id. and Hume cor. "The good lady was careful to serve me with every thing."--Id. "No revelation would have been given, had the light of nature been sufficient, in such a sense as to render one superfluous and useless."--Bp. Butler cor. "Description, again, is a representation which raises in the mind the conception of an object, by means of some arbitrary or instituted symbols."--Dr. Blair cor. "Disappointing the expectation of the hearers, when they look for an end." Or:--"for the termination of our discourse."--Id. "There is a distinction, which, in the use of them, is worthy of attention."-- Maunder cor. "A model has been contrived, which is not very expensive, and which is easily managed."--Ed. Reporter cor. "The conspiracy was the more easily discovered, because the conspirators were many."--L. Murray cor. "Nearly ten years had that celebrated work been published, before its importance was at all understood."--Id. "That the sceptre is ostensibly grasped by a female hand, does not reverse the general order of government."--West cor. "I have hesitated about signing the Declaration of Sentiments."--Lib. cor. "The prolonging of men's lives when the world needed to be peopled, and the subsequent shortening of them when that necessity had ceased."--Rev. John Brown cor. "Before the performance commences, we see displayed the insipid formalities of the prelusive scene."--Kirkham cor. "It forbade the lending of money, or the sending of goods, or the embarking of capital in anyway, in transactions connected with that foreign traffic."--Brougham cor. "Even abstract ideas have sometimes the same important prerogative conferred upon them."--Jamieson cor. "Ment, like other terminations, changes y into i, when the y is preceded by a consonant."--Kirkham's Gram., p. 25. "The term PROPER is from the French propre, own, or the Latin proprius; and a Proper noun is so called, because it is peculiar to the individual or family bearing the name. The term COMMON is from the Latin communis, pertaining equally to several or many; and a Common noun is so called, because it is common to every individual comprised in the class."--Fowler cor.

"Thus oft by mariners are showed (Unless the men of Kent are liars) Earl Godwin's castles overflowed, And palace-roofs, and steeple- spires."--Swift cor.

LESSON VII.--ADVERBS.

"He spoke to every man and woman who was there."--L. Murray cor. "Thought and language act and react upon each other."--Murray's Key, p. 264. "Thought and expression act and react upon each other."--Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 356. "They have neither the leisure nor the means of attaining any knowledge, except what lies within the contracted circle of their several professions."--Campbell's Rhet., p. 160. "Before they are capable of understanding much, or indeed any thing, of most other branches of education."--Olney cor. "There is no more beauty in one of them, than in an other."--L. Murray cor. "Which appear to be constructed according to no certain rule."--Dr. Blair cor. "The vehement manner of speaking became less universal."--Or better:--"less general."--Id. "Not all languages, however, agree in this mode of expression." Or: "This mode of expression, however, is not common to all languages."--Id. "The great occasion of setting apart this particular day."--Atterbury cor. "He is much more promising now, than he was formerly."--L. Murray cor. "They are placed before a participle, without dependence on the rest of the sentence."--Id. "This opinion does not appear to have been well considered." Or: "This opinion appears to have been formed without due consideration."--Id. "Precision in language merits a full explication; and merits it the more, because distinct ideas are, perhaps, but rarely formed concerning it."--Dr. Blair cor. "In the more sublime parts of poetry, he is less distinguished." Or:--"he is not so highly distinguished."--Id. "Whether the author was altogether happy in the choice of his subject, may be questioned."--Id. "But, with regard to this matter also, there is a great error in the common practice."--Webster cor. "This order is the very order of the human mind, which makes things we are sensible of, a means to come at those that are not known." Or:--"which makes things that are already known, its means of finding out those that are not so."--Foreman cor. "Now, who is not discouraged, and does not fear want, when he has no money?"--C. Leslie cor. "Which the authors of this work consider of little or no use."--Wilbur and Liv. cor. "And here indeed the distinction between these two classes begins to be obscure."--Dr. Blair cor. "But this is a manner which deserves to be avoided." Or:--"which does not deserve to be imitated."--Id. "And, in this department, a person effects very little, whenever he attempts too much."--Campbell and Murray cor. "The verb that signifies mere being, is neuter."--Ash cor. "I hope to tire but little those whom I shall not happen to please."--Rambler cor. "Who were utterly unable to pronounce some letters, and who pronounced others very indistinctly."--Sheridan cor. "The learner may point out the active, passive, and neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons for thus distinguishing them." Or: "The learner may point out the active, the passive, and the neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons for calling them so."--C. Adams cor. "These words are almost always conjunctions."--Barrett cor.

"How glibly nonsense trickles from his tongue! How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung!"--Pope cor.

LESSON VIII.--CONJUNCTIONS.

"Who, at least, either knew not, or did not love to make, a distinction." Or better thus: "Who, at least, either knew no distinction, or did not like to make any."--Dr. Murray cor. "It is childish in the last degree to let this become the ground of estranged affection."--L. Murray cor. "When the regular, and when the irregular verb, is to be preferred [sic--KTH], p. 107."--Id. "The books were to have been sold this day." Or:--"on this day."--Priestley cor. "Do, an you will." Or: "Do, if you will."--Shak. cor. "If a man had a positive idea either of infinite duration or of infinite space, he could add two infinites together." Or: "If a man had a positive idea of what is infinite, either in duration or in space, he could," &c.--Murray's proof-text cor. "None shall more willingly agree to and advance the same than I."--Morton cor. "That it cannot but be hurtful to continue it."--Barclay cor. "A conjunction joins words or sentences."--Beck cor. "The copulative conjunction connects words or sentences together, and continues the sense."--Frost cor. "The copulative conjunction serves to connect [words or clauses,] and continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a cause, or a supposition."--L. Murray cor. "All construction is either true or apparent; or, in other words, either literal or figurative."--Buchanan and Brit. Gram. cor. "But the divine character is such as none but a divine hand could draw." Or: "But the divine character is such, that none but a divine hand could draw it."--A. Keith cor. "Who is so mad, that, on inspecting the heavens, he is insensible of a God?"--Gibbons cor. "It is now submitted to an enlightened public, with little further desire on the part of the author, than for its general utility."--Town cor. "This will sufficiently explain why so many provincials have grown old in the capital without making any change in their original dialect."-- Sheridan cor. "Of these, they had chiefly three in general use, which were denominated ACCENTS, the term being used in the plural number."--Id. "And this is one of the chief reasons why dramatic representations have ever held the first rank amongst the diversions of mankind."--Id. "Which is the chief reason why public reading is in general so disgusting."--Id. "At the same time in which they learn to read." Or: "While they learn to read."--Id. "He is always to pronounce his words with exactly the same accent that he uses in speaking."--Id. "In order to know what an other knows, and in the same manner in which he knows it."--Id. "For the same reason for which it is, in a more limited state, assigned to the several tribes of animals."--Id. "Were there masters to teach this, in the same manner in which other arts are taught." Or: "Were there masters to teach this, as other arts are taught."--Id.

"Whose own example strengthens all his laws; Who is himself that great sublime he draws."--Pope cor.

LESSON IX.--PREPOSITIONS.

"The word so has sometimes the same meaning as ALSO, LIKEWISE, or THE SAME."--Priestley cor. "The verb use relates not to 'pleasures of the imagination;' but to the terms fancy and imagination, which he was to employ as synonymous."--Dr. Blair cor. "It never can view, clearly and distinctly, more than one object at a time."--Id. "This figure [Euphemism] is often the same as the Periphrasis."--Adam and Gould cor. "All the intermediate time between youth and old age."--W. Walker cor. "When one thing is said to act upon an other, or do something to it."--Lowth cor. "Such a composition has as much of meaning in it, as a mummy has of life." Or: "Such a composition has as much meaning in it, as a mummy has life."--Lit. Conv. cor. "That young men, from fourteen to eighteen years of age, were not the best judges."--Id. "This day is a day of trouble, and of rebuke, and of blasphemy."--Isaiah, xxxvii, 3. "Blank verse has the same pauses and accents that occur in rhyme."--Kames cor. "In prosody, long syllables are distinguished by the macron (¯); and short ones by what is called the breve (~)."--Bucke cor. "Sometimes both articles are left out, especially from poetry."--Id. "From the following example, the pronoun and participle are omitted." Or: "In the following example, the pronoun and participle are not expressed."--L. Murray cor. [But the example was faulty. Say.] "Conscious of his weight and importance,"--or, "Being conscious of his own weight and importance, he did not solicit the aid of others."--Id. "He was an excellent person; even in his early youth, a mirror of the ancient faith."--Id. "The carrying of its several parts into execution."--Bp. Butler cor. "Concord is the agreement which one word has with an other, in gender, number, case, or person."--L. Murray's Gram., p. 142. "It might perhaps have given me a greater taste for its antiquities."--Addison cor. "To call on a person, and to wait on him."--Priestley cor. "The great difficulty they found in fixing just sentiments."--Id. and Hume cor. "Developing the differences of the three."--James Brown cor. "When the singular ends in x, ch soft, sh, ss, or s, we add es to form the plural."--L. Murray cor. "We shall present him a list or specimen of them." "It is very common to hear of the evils of pernicious reading, how it enervates the mind, or how it depraves the principles."--Dymond cor. "In this example, the verb arises is understood before 'curiosity' and before 'knowledge.'"--L. Murray et al. cor. "The connective is frequently omitted, when several words have the same construction."--Wilcox cor. "He shall expel them from before you, and drive them out from your sight."--Bible cor. "Who makes his sun to shine and his rain to descend, upon the just and the unjust." Or thus: "Who makes his sun shine, and his rain descend, upon the just and the unjust."--M'Ilvaine cor.

LESSON X.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"This sentence violates an established rule of grammar."--L. Murray cor. "The words thou and shall are again reduced to syllables of short quantity."--Id. "Have the greatest men always been the most popular? By no means."--Lieber cor. "St. Paul positively stated, that 'He that loveth an other, hath fulfilled the law.'"--Rom., xiii, 8. "More organs than one are concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant."--M'Culloch cor. "If the reader will pardon me for descending so low."--Campbell cor. "To adjust them in such a manner as shall consist equally with the perspicuity and the grace of the period." Or: "To adjust them so, that they shall consist equally," &c.--Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor. "This class exhibits a lamentable inefficiency, and a great want of simplicity."--Gardiner cor. "Whose style, in all its course, flows like a limpid stream, through which we see to the very bottom."--Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "We admit various ellipses." Or thus: "An ellipsis, or omission, of some words, is frequently admitted."--Lennie's Gram., p. 116. "The ellipsis, of articles may occur thus."--L. Murray cor. "Sometimes the article a is improperly applied to nouns of different numbers; as, 'A magnificent house and gardens.'"--Id. "In some very emphatical expressions, no ellipsis should be allowed."--Id. "Ellipses of the adjective may happen in the following manner."--Id. "The following examples show that there may be an ellipsis of the pronoun."--Id. "Ellipses of the verb occur in the following instances."--Id. "Ellipses of the adverb may occur in the following manner."--Id. "The following brief expressions are all of them elliptical." [554]--Id. "If no emphasis be placed on any words, not only will discourse be rendered heavy and lifeless, but the meaning will often be left ambiguous."--Id.; also J. S. Hart and Dr. Blair cor. "He regards his word, but thou dost not regard thine."--Bullions, Murray, et al., cor. "I have learned my task, but you have not learned yours."--Iid. "When the omission of a word would obscure the sense, weaken the expression, or be attended with impropriety, no ellipsis must be indulged."--Murray and Weld cor. "And therefore the verb is correctly put in the singular number, and refers to them all separately and individually considered."--L. Murray cor. "He was to me the most intelligible of all who spoke on the subject."--Id. "I understood him better than I did any other who spoke on the subject."--Id. "The roughness found on the entrance into the paths of virtue and learning decreases as we advance." Or: "The roughnesses encountered in the paths of virtue and learning diminish as we advance."--Id. "There is nothing which more promotes knowledge, than do steady application and habitual observation."--Id. "Virtue confers on man the highest dignity of which he is capable; it should therefore be the chief object of his desire."--Id. and Merchant cor. "The supreme Author of our being has so formed the human soul, that nothing but himself can be its last, adequate, and proper happiness."--Addison and Blair cor. "The inhabitants of China laugh at the plantations of our Europeans: 'Because,' say they, 'any one may place trees in equal rows and uniform figures.'"--Iid. "The divine laws are not to be reversed by those of men."--L. Murray cor. "In both of these examples, the relative which and the verb was are understood."--Id. et al. cor. "The Greek and Latin languages, though for many reasons they cannot be called dialects of one and the same tongue, are nevertheless closely connected."--Dr. Murray cor. "To ascertain and settle whether a white rose or a red breathes the sweetest fragrance." Or thus: "To ascertain and settle which of the two breathes the sweeter fragrance, a white rose or a red one."--J. Q. Adams cor. "To which he can afford to devote but little of his time and labour."--Dr. Blair cor.

"Avoid extremes; and shun the fault of such As still are pleased too little or too much."--Pope cor.

LESSON XI.--OF BAD PHRASES.

"He might as well leave his vessel to the direction of the winds."--South cor. "Without good-nature and gratitude, men might as well live in a wilderness as in society."--L'Estrange cor. "And, for this reason, such lines very seldom occur together."--Dr. Blair cor. "His greatness did not make him happy."--Crombie cor. "Let that which tends to cool your love, be judged in all."--Crisp cor. "It is worth observing, that there is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death."--Bacon cor. "Accent dignifies the syllable on which it is laid, and makes it more audible than the rest."--Sheridan and Murray cor. "Before he proceeds to argue on either side."--Dr. Blair cor. "The general change of manners, throughout Europe."--Id. "The sweetness and beauty of Virgil's numbers, through all his works."--Id. "The French writers of sermons, study neatness and elegance in the division of their discourses."--Id. "This seldom fails to prove a refrigerant to passion."--Id. "But their fathers, brothers, and uncles, cannot, as good relations and good citizens, excuse themselves for not standing forth to demand vengeance."--Murray's Sequel, p. 114. "Alleging, that their decrial of the church of Rome, was a uniting with the Turks."--Barclay cor. "To which is added the Catechism by the Assembly of Divines."--N. E. Prim. cor. "This treachery was always present in the thoughts of both of them."-- Robertson cor. "Thus far their words agree." Or: "Thus far the words of both agree."--W. Walker cor. "Aparithmesis is an enumeration of the several parts of what, as a whole, might be expressed in few words."--Gould cor. "Aparithmesis, or Enumeration, is a figure in which what might be expressed in a few words, is branched out into several parts."--Dr. Adam cor. "Which may sit from time to time, where you dwell, or in the vicinity."--J. O. Taylor cor. "Place together a large-sized animal and a small one, of the same species." Or: "Place together a large and a small animal of the same species."--Kames cor. "The weight of the swimming body is equal to that of the quantity of fluid displaced by it."--Percival cor. "The Subjunctive mood, in all its tenses, is similar to the Optative."--Gwilt cor. "No feeling of obligation remains, except that of an obligation to fidelity."--Wayland cor. "Who asked him why whole audiences should be moved to tears at the representation of some story on the stage."--Sheridan cor. "Are you not ashamed to affirm that the best works of the Spirit of Christ in his saints are as filthy rags?"--Barclay cor. "A neuter verb becomes active, when followed by a noun of kindred signification."--Sanborn cor. "But he has judged better in forbearing to repeat the article the."--Dr. Blair cor. "Many objects please us, and are thought highly beautiful, which have scarcely any variety at all."--Id. "Yet they sometimes follow them."--Emmons cor. "For I know of nothing more important in the whole subject, than this doctrine of mood and tense."--R. Johnson cor. "It is by no means impossible for an error to be avoided or suppressed."--Philol. Museum cor. "These are things of the highest importance to children and youth."--Murray cor. "He ought to have omitted the word many." Or: "He might better have omitted the word many."--Dr. Blair cor. "Which might better have been separated." Or: "Which ought rather to have been separated."--Id. "Figures and metaphors, therefore, should never be used profusely."--Id. and Jam. cor. "Metaphors, or other figures, should never be used in too great abundance."--Murray and Russell cor. "Something like this has been alleged against Tacitus."-- Bolingbroke cor.

"O thou, whom all mankind in vain withstand, Who with the blood of each must one day stain thy hand!" --Sheffield cor.

LESSON XII.--OF TWO ERRORS.

"Pronouns sometimes precede the terms which they represent."--L. Murray cor. "Most prepositions originally denoted relations of place."--Lowth cor. "WHICH is applied to brute animals, and to things without life."--Bullions cor. "What thing do they describe, or of what do they tell the kind?"--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Iron cannons, as well as brass, are now universally cast solid."--Jamieson cor. "We have philosophers, more eminent perhaps than those of any other nation."--Dr. Blair cor. "This is a question about words only, and one which common sense easily determines."--Id. "The low pitch of the voice, is that which approaches to a whisper."--Id. "Which, as to the effect, is just the same as to use no such distinctions at all."--Id. "These two systems, therefore, really differ from each other but very little."--Id. "It is needless to give many instances, as examples occur so often."--Id. "There are many occasions on which this is neither requisite nor proper."--Id. "Dramatic poetry divides itself into two forms, comedy and tragedy."--Id. "No man ever rhymed with more exactness than he." [I.e., than Roscommon.]--Editor of Waller cor. "The Doctor did not reap from his poetical labours a profit equal to that of his prose."--Johnson cor. "We will follow that which we find our fathers practised." Or: "We will follow that which we find to have been our fathers' practice."--Sale cor. "And I should deeply regret that I had published them."--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Figures exhibit ideas with more vividness and power, than could be given them by plain language."--Kirkham cor. "The allegory is finely drawn, though the heads are various."--Spect. cor. "I should not have thought it worthy of this place." Or: "I should not have thought it worthy of being placed here."--Crombie cor. "In this style, Tacitus excels all other writers, ancient or modern."--Kames cor. "No other author, ancient or modern, possesses the art of dialogue so completely as Shakspeare."-- Id. "The names of all the things we see, hear, smell, taste, or feel, are nouns."--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Of what number are the expressions, 'these boys,' 'these pictures,' &c.?"--Id. "This sentence has faults somewhat like those of the last."--Dr. Blair cor. "Besides perspicuity, he pursues propriety, purity, and precision, in his language; which qualities form one degree, and no inconsiderable one, of beauty."--Id. "Many critical terms have unfortunately been employed in a sense too loose and vague; none with less precision, than the word sublime."--Id. "Hence no word in the language is used with a more vague signification, than the word beauty."--Id. "But still, in speech, he made use of general terms only."--Id. "These give life, body, and colouring, to the facts recited; and enable us to conceive of them as present, and passing before our eyes."--Id. "Which carried an ideal chivalry to a still more extravagant height, than the adventurous spirit of knighthood had ever attained in fact."--Id. "We write much more supinely, and with far less labour, than did the ancients."--Id. "This appears indeed to form the characteristical difference between the ancient poets, orators, and historians, and the modern."--Id. "To violate this rule, as the English too often do, shows great incorrectness."--Id. "It is impossible, by means of any training, to prevent them from appearing stiff and forced."--Id. "And it also gives to the speaker the disagreeable semblance of one who endeavours to compel assent."--Id. "And whenever a light or ludicrous anecdote is proper to be recorded, it is generally better to throw it into a note, than to run the hazard of becoming too familiar."--Id. "It is the great business of this life, to prepare and qualify ourselves for the enjoyment of a better."--L. Murray cor. "From some dictionaries, accordingly, it was omitted; and in others it is stigmatized as a barbarism."--Crombie cor. "You cannot see a thing, or think of one, the name of which is not a noun."--Mack cor. "All the fleet have arrived, and are moored in safety." Or better: "The whole fleet has arrived, and is moored in safety."--L. Murray cor.

LESSON XIII.--OF TWO ERRORS.

"They have severally their distinct and exactly-limited relations to gravity."--Hasler cor. "But where the additional s would give too much of the hissing sound, the omission takes place even in prose."--L. Murray cor. "After o, it [the w] is sometimes not sounded at all; and sometimes it is sounded like a single u."--Lowth cor. "It is situation chiefly, that decides the fortunes and characters of men."--Hume cor.; also Murray. "The vice of covetousness is that [vice] which enters more deeply into the soul than any other."--Murray et al. cor. "Of all vices, covetousness enters the most deeply into the soul."--Iid. "Of all the vices, covetousness is that which enters the most deeply into the soul."--Campbell cor. "The vice of covetousness is a fault which enters more deeply into the soul than any other."--Guardian cor. "WOULD primarily denotes inclination of will; and SHOULD, obligation: but they vary their import, and are often used to express simple events." Or:--"but both of them vary their import," &c. Or:--"but both vary their import, and are used to express simple events."--Lowth, Murray, et al. cor.; also Comly and Ingersoll; likewise Abel Flint. "A double condition, in two correspondent clauses of a sentence, is sometimes made by the word HAD; as, 'Had he done this, he had escaped.'"--Murray and Ingersoll cor. "The pleasures of the understanding are preferable to those of the imagination, as well as to those of sense."--L. Murray cor. "Claudian, in a fragment upon the wars of the giants, has contrived to render this idea of their throwing of the mountains, which in itself has so much grandeur, burlesque and ridiculous."--Dr. Blair cor. "To which not only no other writings are to be preferred, but to which, even in divers respects, none are comparable."--Barclay cor. "To distinguish them in the understanding, and treat of their several natures, in the same cool manner that we use with regard to other ideas."--Sheridan cor. "For it has nothing to do with parsing, or the analyzing of language."--Kirkham cor. Or: "For it has nothing to do with the parsing, or analyzing, of language."--Id. "Neither has that language [the Latin] ever been so common in Britain."--Swift cor. "All that I purpose, is, to give some openings into the pleasures of taste."--Dr. Blair cor. "But the following sentences would have been better without it."--L. Murray cor. "But I think the following sentence would be better without it." Or: "But I think it should be expunged from the following sentence."-- Priestley cor. "They appear, in this case, like ugly excrescences jutting out from the body."--Dr. Blair cor. "And therefore the fable of the Harpies, in the third book of the Æneid, and the allegory of Sin and Death, in the second book of Paradise Lost, ought not to have been inserted in these celebrated poems."--Id. "Ellipsis is an elegant suppression, or omission, of some word or words, belonging to a sentence."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. "The article A or AN is not very proper in this construction."--D. Blair cor. "Now suppose the articles had not been dropped from these passages."--Bucke cor. "To have given a separate name to every one of those trees, would have been an endless and impracticable undertaking."--Blair cor. "Ei, in general, has the same sound as long and slender a." Or better: "Ei generally has the sound of long or slender a."--L. Murray cor. "When a conjunction is used with apparent redundance, the insertion of it is called Polysyndeton."--Adam and Gould cor. "EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and NEITHER, denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately or distributively."--M'Culloch cor. "The principal sentence must be expressed by a verb in the indicative, imperative, or potential mood"--S. W. Clark cor. "Hence he is diffuse, where he ought to be urgent."--Dr. Blair cor. "All sorts of subjects admit of explanatory comparisons."--Id. et al. cor. "The present or imperfect participle denotes being, action, or passion, continued, and not perfected."--Kirkham cor. "What are verbs? Those words which chiefly express what is said of things."--Fowle cor.

"Of all those arts in which the wise excel, The very masterpiece is writing-well."--Sheffield cor.

"Such was that muse whose rules and practice tell, That art's chief masterpiece is writing-well."--Pope cor.

LESSON XIV.--OF THREE ERRORS.

"From some words, the metaphorical sense has justled out the original sense altogether; so that, in respect to the latter, they have become obsolete."--Campbell cor. "Surely, never any other mortal was so overwhelmed with grief, as I am at this present moment."--Sheridan cor. "All languages differ from one an other in their modes of inflection."--Bullions cor. "The noun and the verb are the only indispensable parts of speech: the one, to express the subject spoken of; and the other, the predicate, or what is affirmed of the subject."--M'Culloch cor. "The words Italicized in the last three examples, perform the office of substantives."--L. Murray cor. "A sentence so constructed is always a mark of carelessness in the writer."--Dr. Blair cor. "Nothing is more hurtful to the grace or the vivacity of a period, than superfluous and dragging words at the conclusion."--Id. "When its substantive is not expressed with it, but is referred to, being understood."--Lowth cor. "Yet they always have substantives belonging to them, either expressed or understood."--Id. "Because they define and limit the import of the common names, or general terms, to which they refer."--Id. "Every new object surprises them, terrifies them, and makes a strong impression on their minds."--Dr. Blair cor. "His argument required a more full development, in order to be distinctly apprehended, and to have its due force."--Id. "Those participles which are derived from active-transitive verbs, will govern the objective case, as do the verbs from which they are derived."--Emmons cor. "Where, in violation of the rule, the objective case whom follows the verb, while the nominative I precedes it."--L. Murray cor. "To use, after the same conjunction, both the indicative and the subjunctive mood, in the same sentence, and under the same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety."--Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. "A nice discernment of the import of words, and an accurate attention to the best usage, are necessary on these occasions."--L. Murray cor. "The Greeks and Romans, the former especially, were, in truth, much more musical than we are; their genius was more turned to take delight in the melody of speech."--Dr. Blair cor. "In general, if the sense admits it early, the sooner a circumstance is introduced, the better; that the more important and significant words may possess the last place, and be quite disencumbered."--Murray et al. cor.; also Blair and Jamieson. "Thus we find it in both the Greek and the Latin tongue."--Dr. Blair cor. "Several sentences, constructed in the same manner, and having the same number of members, should never be allowed to come in succession."-- Blair et al. cor. "I proceed to lay down the rules to be observed in the conduct of metaphors; and these, with little variation, will be applicable to tropes of every kind."--Dr. Blair cor. "By selecting words with a proper regard to their sounds, we may often imitate other sounds which we mean to describe."--Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor. "The disguise can scarcely be so perfect as to deceive."--Dr. Blair cor. "The sense does not admit of any other pause, than one after the second syllable 'sit;' this therefore must be the only pause made in the reading."--Id. "Not that I believe North America to have been first peopled so lately as in the twelfth century, the period of Madoc's migration."--Webster cor. "Money and commodities will always flow to that country in which they are most wanted, and in which they will command the most profit."--Id. "That it contains no visible marks of certain articles which are of the utmost importance to a just delivery."--Sheridan cor. "And Virtue, from her beauty, we call a fair and favourite maid."--Mack cor. "The definite article may relate to nouns of either number."--Inf. S. Gram. cor.

LESSON XV.--OF MANY ERRORS.

(1.) "Compound words are[, by L. Murray and others, improperly] included among the derivatives."--L. Murray corrected. (2.) "The Apostrophe, placed above the line, thus ', is used to abbreviate or shorten words. But its chief use is, to denote the possessive case of nouns."--Id. (3.) "The Hyphen, made thus -, connects the parts of compound words. It is also used when a word is divided."--Id. (4.) "The Acute Accent, made thus ´, denotes the syllable on which stress is laid, and sometimes also, that the vowel is short: as, 'Fáncy.' The Grave Accent, made thus `, usually denotes, (when applied to English words,) that the stress is laid where a vowel ends the syllable: as, 'Fàvour.'"--Id. (5.) "The stress is laid on long vowels or syllables, and on short ones, indiscriminately. In order to distinguish the long or open vowels from the close or short ones, some writers of dictionaries have placed the grave accent on the former, and the acute on the latter."--Id. (6.) "The Diæresis, thus made ¨, is placed over one of two contiguous vowels, to show that they are not a diphthong."--Id. (7.) "The Section, made thus §, is sometimes used to mark the subdivisions of a discourse or chapter."--Id. (8.) "The Paragraph, made thus ¶, sometimes denotes the beginning of a new subject, or of a passage not connected with the text preceding. This character is now seldom used [for such a purpose], except in the Old and New Testaments." Or better:--"except in the Bible."--Id. (9.) "The Quotation Points, written thus " ", mark the beginning and the end of what is quoted or transcribed from some speaker or author, in his own words. In type, they are inverted commas at the beginning, apostrophes at the conclusion."--Id. (10.) "The Brace was formerly used in poetry at the end of a triplet, or where three lines rhymed together in heroic verse; it also serves to connect several terms with one, when the one is common to all, and thus to prevent a repetition of the common term."--Id. (11.) "Several asterisks put together, generally denote the omission of some letters belonging to a word, or of some bold or indelicate expression; but sometimes they imply a defect in the manuscript from which the text is copied."--Id. (12.) "The Ellipsis, made thus ----, or thus ****, is used where some letters of a word, or some words of a verse, are omitted."--Id. (13.) "The Obelisk, which is made thus [Obelisk]; and the Parallels, which are made thus ||; and sometimes the letters of the alphabet; and also the Arabic figures; are used as references to notes in the margin, or at the bottom, of the page."--Id. (14.) "The note of interrogation should not be employed, where it is only said that a question has been asked, and where the words are not used as a question; as, 'The Cyprians asked me why I wept.'"--Id. et al. cor. (15.) "The note of interrogation is improper after mere expressions of admiration, or of any other emotion, though they may bear the form of questions."--Iid. (16.) "The parenthesis incloses something which is thrown into the body of a sentence, in an under tone; and which affects neither the sense, nor the construction, of the main text."--Lowth cor. (17.) "Simple members connected by a relative not used restrictively, or by a conjunction that implies comparison, are for the most part divided by the comma."--Id. (18.) "Simple members, or sentences, connected as terms of comparison, are for the most part separated by the comma."--L. Murray et al. cor. (19.) "Simple sentences connected by a comparative particle, are for the most part divided by the comma."--Russell cor. (20.) "Simple sentences or clauses connected to form a comparison, should generally be parted by the comma."--Merchant cor. (21.) "The simple members of sentences that express contrast or comparison, should generally be divided by the comma."--Jaudon cor. (22.) "The simple members of a comparative sentence, when they are long, are separated by a comma."--Cooper cor. (23.) "Simple sentences connected to form a comparison, or phrases placed in opposition, or contrast, are usually separated by the comma."--Hiley and Bullions cor. (24.) "On whichever word we lay the emphasis,--whether on the first, the second, the third, or the fourth,--every change of it strikes out a different sense."--L. Murray cor. (25.) "To say to those who do not understand sea phrases, 'We tacked to the larboard, and stood off to sea,' would give them little or no information."--Murray and Hiley cor. (26.) "Of those dissyllables which are sometimes nouns and sometimes verbs, it may be observed, that the verb is commonly accented on the latter syllable, and the noun on the former."--L. Murray cor. (27.) "And this gives to our language an advantage over most others, in the poetical or rhetorical style."--Id. et al. cor. (28.) "And this gives to the English language an advantage over most others, in the poetical and the rhetorical style."--Lowth cor. (29.) "The second and the third scholar may read the same sentence; or as many may repeat the text, as are necessary to teach it perfectly to the whole class."--Osborn cor.

(30.) "Bliss is the same, in subject, or in king, In who obtain defence, or who defend." --Pope's Essay on Man, IV, 58.

LESSON XVI.--OF MANY ERRORS.

"The Japanese, the Tonquinese, and the Coreans, speak languages differing from one an other, and from that of the inhabitants of China; while all use the same written characters, and, by means of them, correspond intelligibly with one an other in writing, though ignorant of the language spoken by their correspondents: a plain proof, that the Chinese characters are like hieroglyphics, and essentially independent of language."--Jamieson cor.; also Dr. Blair. "The curved line, in stead of remaining round, is changed to a square one, for the reason before mentioned."--Knight cor. "Every reader should content himself with the use of those tones only, that he is habituated to in speech; and should give to the words no other emphasis, than what he would give to the same words, in discourse. [Or, perhaps the author meant:--and should give to the emphatic words no other intonation, than what he would give, &c.] Thus, whatever he utters, will be delivered with ease, and will appear natural."--Sheridan cor. "A stop, or pause, is a total cessation of sound, during a perceptible, and, in musical or poetical compositions, a measurable space of time."-- Id. "Pauses, or rests, in speaking or reading, are total cessations of the voice, during perceptible, and, in many cases, measurable spaces of time."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Those derivative nouns which denote small things of the kind named by their primitives, are called Diminutive Nouns: as, lambkin, hillock, satchel, gosling; from lamb, hill, sack, goose."--Bullions cor. "Why is it, that nonsense so often escapes detection, its character not being perceived either by the writer or by the reader?"--Campbell cor. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. Interjections are so called, because they are generally thrown in between the parts of discourse, and have no reference to the structure of those parts."--M'Culloch cor. "The verb OUGHT has no other inflection than OUGHTEST, and this is nearly obsolete."-- Macintosh cor. "But the arrangement, government, and agreement of words, and also their dependence upon others, are referred to our reason."--Osborn cor. "ME is a personal pronoun, of the first person, singular number, and objective case."--Guy cor. "The noun SELF is usually added to a pronoun; as, herself, himself, &c. The compounds thus formed are called reciprocal pronouns."-- Id. "One cannot but think, that our author would have done better, had he begun the first of these three sentences, with saying, 'It is novelty, that bestows charms on a monster.'"--Dr. Blair cor. "The idea which they present to us, of nature resembling art, of art considered as an original, and nature as a copy, seems not very distinct, or well conceived, nor indeed very material to our author's purpose."--Id. "This faulty construction of the sentence, evidently arose from haste and carelessness."--Id. "Adverbs serve to modify terms of action or quality, or to denote time, place, order, degree, or some other circumstance which we have occasion to specify."--Id. "We may naturally expect, that the more any nation is improved by science, and the more perfect its language becomes, the more will that language abound with connective particles."--Id. "Mr. Greenleaf's book is far better adapted to the capacity of learners, than any other that has yet appeared, on the subject."--Feltus and Onderdonk's false praise Englished. "Punctuation is the art of marking, in writing or in print, the several pauses, or rests, which separate sentences, or the parts of sentences; so as to denote their proper quantity or proportion, as it is exhibited in a just and accurate delivery."--Lowth cor. "A compound sentence must generally be resolved into simple ones, and these be separated by the comma." Or better: "A compound sentence is generally divided, by the comma, into its simple members."--Greenleaf and Fisk cor. "Simple sentences should in general be separated from one an other by the comma, unless a greater point is required; as, 'Youth is passing away, age is approaching, and death is near.'"--S. R. Hall cor. "V has always one uniform sound, which is that of f flattened, as in thieve from thief: thus v bears to f the same relation that b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, or z to s."--L. Murray and Fisk cor.; also Walker; also Greenleaf. "The author is explaining the difference between sense and imagination, as powers of the human mind."--L. Murray cor. Or, if this was the critic's meaning: "The author is endeavouring to explain a very abstract point, the distinction between the powers of sense and those of imagination, as two different faculties of the human mind."-- Id.; also Dr. Blair cor. "HE--(from the Anglo-Saxon HE--) is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case. Decline HE."--Fowler cor.

CORRECTIONS UNDER THE CRITICAL NOTES.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE I.--OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

"The passive voice denotes an action received." Or: "The passive voice denotes the receiving of an action."--Maunder corrected. "Milton, in some of his prose works, has many very finely-turned periods."--Dr. Blair and Alex. Jam. cor. "These will be found to be wholly, or chiefly, of that class."--Dr. Blair cor. "All appearances of an author's affecting of harmony, are disagreeable."--Id. and Jam. cor. "Some nouns have a double increase; that is, they increase by more syllables than one: as iter, itin~eris."--Adam et al. cor. "The powers of man are enlarged by progressive cultivation."--Gurney cor. "It is always important to begin well; to make a favourable impression at the first setting out."--Dr. Blair cor. "For if one take a wrong method at his first setting-out, it will lead him astray in all that follows."-- Id. "His mind is full of his subject, and all his words are expressive."-- Id. "How exquisitely is all this performed in Greek!"--Harris cor. "How unworthy is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal soul!"--L. Murray cor. "So as to exhibit the object in its full grandeur, and its most striking point of view."--Dr. Blair cor. "And that the author know how to descend with propriety to the plain style, as well as how to rise to the bold and figured."-- Id. "The heart alone can answer to the heart."-- Id. "Upon the first perception of it." Or: "As it is first perceived."--Harris cor. "Call for Samson, that he may make sport for us."--Bible cor. "And he made sport before them."-- Id. "The term 'to suffer,' in this definition, is used in a technical sense; and means simply, to receive an action, or to be acted upon."--Bullions cor. "The text only is what is meant to be taught in schools."--Brightland cor. "The perfect participle denotes action or existence perfected or finished."--Kirkham cor. "From the intricacy and confusion which are produced when they are blended together."--L. Murray cor. "This very circumstance, that the word is employed antithetically renders it important in the sentence."--Kirkham cor. "It [the pronoun that,] is applied both to persons and to things."--L. Murray cor. "Concerning us, as being everywhere traduced."--Barclay cor. "Every thing else was buried in a profound silence."--Steele cor. "They raise fuller conviction, than any reasonings produce."--Dr. Blair cor. "It appears to me nothing but a fanciful refinement." Or: "It appears to me nothing more than a fanciful refinement"-- Id. "The regular and thorough resolution of a complete passage."--Churchill cor. "The infinitive is distinguished by the word TO, which immediately precedes it."--Maunder cor. "It will not be a gain of much ground, to urge that the basket, or vase, is understood to be the capital."--Kames cor. "The disgust one has to drink ink in reality, is not to the purpose, where the drinking of it is merely figurative."-- Id. "That we run not into the extreme of pruning so very closely."--See L. Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 318. "Being obliged to rest for a little while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest a while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest [for] a moment on the preposition alone."--Blair and Jam. cor. "Our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is no abiding."--Bible cor. "There may be attempted a more particular expression of certain objects, by means of imitative sounds."--Blair, Jam., and Mur. cor. "The right disposition of the shade, makes the light and colouring the more apparent."--Dr. Blair cor. "I observe that a diffuse style is apt to run into long periods."-- Id. "Their poor arguments, which they only picked up in the highways."--Leslie cor. "Which must be little else than a transcribing of their writings."--Barclay cor. "That single impulse is a forcing-out of almost all the breath." Or: "That single impulse forces out almost all the breath."--Hush cor. "Picini compares modulation to the turning-off from a road."--Gardiner cor. "So much has been written on and off almost every subject."--Sophist cor. "By the reading of books written by the best authors, his mind became highly improved." Or: "By the study of the most instructive books, his mind became highly improved."--L. Mur. cor. "For I never made a rich provision a token of a spiritual ministry."--Barclay cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE II.--OF DOUBTFUL REFERENCE.

"However disagreeable the task, we must resolutely perform our duty."--L. Murray cor. "The formation of all English verbs, whether they be regular or irregular, is derived from the Saxon tongue."--Lowth cor. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and nothing do they affect more remarkably than language."--Campbell cor. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and on nothing a more remarkable influence than on language."--Jamieson cor. "That Archytases, who was a virtuous man, happened to perish once upon a time, is with him a sufficient ground." &c.--Phil Mu. cor. "He will be the better qualified to understand the meaning of the numerous words into which they enter as material parts."--L. Murray cor. "We should continually have the goal in view, that it may direct us in the race."-- Id. "But Addison's figures seem to rise of their own accord from the subject and constantly to embellish it" Or:--"and they constantly embellish it."--Blair and Jam. cor. "So far as they signify persons, animals, and things that we can see, it is very easy to distinguish nouns."--Cobbett cor. "Dissyllables ending in y or mute e, or accented on the final syllable, may sometimes be compared like monosyllables."--Frost cor. "If the foregoing objection be admitted, it will not overrule the design."--Rush cor. "These philosophical innovators forget, that objects, like men, are known only by their actions."--Dr. Murray cor. "The connexion between words and ideas, is arbitrary and conventional; it has arisen mainly from the agreement of men among themselves."--Jamieson cor. "The connexion between words and ideas, may in general be considered as arbitrary and conventional, or as arising from the agreement of men among themselves."--Dr. Blair cor. "A man whose inclinations led him to be corrupt, and who had great abilities to manage and multiply and defend his corruptions."--Swift cor. "They have no more control over him than have any other men."--Wayland cor. "All his old words are true English, and his numbers are exquisite."--Spect. cor. "It has been said, that not Jesuits only can equivocate."--Mur. in Ex. and Key, cor. "In Latin, the nominative of the first or second person, is seldom expressed."--Adam and Gould cor. "Some words have the same form in both numbers."--Murray et al. cor. "Some nouns have the same form in both numbers."--Merchant et al. cor. "Others have the same form in both numbers; as, deer, sheep, swine."--Frost cor. "The following list denotes the consonant sounds, of which there are twenty-two." Or: "The following list denotes the twenty-two simple sounds of the consonants."--Mur. et al. cor. "And is the ignorance of these peasants a reason for other persons to remain ignorant; or does it render the subject the less worthy of our inquiry?"--Harris and Mur. cor. "He is one of the most correct, and perhaps he is the best, of our prose writers."--Lowth cor. "The motions of a vortex and of a whirlwind are perfectly similar." Or: "The motion of a vortex and that of a whirlwind are perfectly similar."--Jamieson cor. "What I have been saying, throws light upon one important verse in the Bible; which verse I should like to hear some one read."--Abbott cor. "When there are any circumstances of time, place, and the like, by which the principal terms of our sentence must be limited or qualified."--Blair, Jam. and Mur. cor. "Interjections are words that express emotion, affection, or passion, and that imply suddenness." Or: "Interjections express emotion, affection, or passion, and imply suddenness."--Bucke cor. "But the genitive expressing the measure of things, is used in the plural number only."--Adam and Gould cor. "The buildings of the institution have been enlarged; and an expense has been incurred, which, with the increased price of provisions, renders it necessary to advance the terms of admission."--L. Murray cor. "These sentences are far less difficult than complex ones."--S. S. Greene cor.

"Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife They sober lived, nor ever wished to stray."--Gray cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE III.--OF DEFINITIONS.

(1.) "A definition is a short and lucid description of a thing, or species, according to its nature and properties."--G. BROWN: Rev. David Blair cor. (2.) "Language, in general, signifies the expression of our ideas by certain articulate sounds, or written words, which are used as the signs of those ideas."--Dr. Hugh Blair cor. (3.) "A word is one or more syllables used by common consent as the sign of an idea."--Bullions cor. (4.) "A word is one or more syllables used as the sign of an idea, or of some manner of thought."--Hazen cor. (5.) "Words are articulate sounds, or their written signs, used to convey ideas."--Hiley cor. (6.) "A word is one or more syllables used orally or in writing, to represent some idea."--Hart cor. (7.) "A word is one or more syllables used as the sign of an idea."--S. W. Clark cor. (8.) "A word is a letter or a combination of letters, a sound or a combination of sounds, used as the sign of an idea."--Wells cor. (9.) "Words are articulate sounds, or their written signs, by which ideas are communicated."--Wright cor. (10.) "Words are certain articulate sounds, or their written representatives, used by common consent as signs of our ideas."--Bullions, Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. (11.) "Words are sounds or written symbols used as signs of our ideas."--W. Allen cor. (12.) "Orthography literally means correct writing"--Kirkham and Smith cor. [The word orthography stands for different things: as, 1. The art or practice of writing words with their proper letters; 2. That part of grammar which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling.] (13.) "A vowel is a letter which forms a perfect sound when uttered alone."--Inst., p. 16; Hazen, Lennie, and Brace, cor. (14-18.) "Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters."--G. BROWN: Lowth and Churchill cor.; also Murray, Ing. et al.; also Comly; also Bullions; also Kirkham and Sanborn. (19.) "A syllable is one or more letters, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and constituting a word, or part of a word."--Lowth, Mur., et al., cor. (20.) "A syllable is a letter or a combination of letters, uttered in one complete sound."--Brit. Gram. and Buch. cor. (21.) "A syllable is one or more letters representing a distinct sound, or what is uttered by a single impulse of the voice."--Kirkham cor. (22.) "A syllable is so much of a word as is sounded at once, whether it be the whole or a part."--Bullions cor. (23.) "A syllable is so many letters as are sounded at once; and is either a word, or a part of a word."--Picket cor. (24.) "A diphthong is a union of two vowels in one syllable, as in bear and beat."--Bucke cor. Or: "A diphthong is the meeting of two vowels in one syllable."--Brit. Gram., p. 15; Buchanan's, 3. (25.) "A diphthong consists of two vowels put together in one syllable; as ea in beat, oi in voice."--Guy cor. (26.) "A triphthong consists of three vowels put together in one syllable; as, eau in beauty."--Id. (27.) "But a triphthong is the union of three vowels in one syllable."--Bucke cor. Or: "A triphthong is the meeting of three vowels in one syllable."--British Gram., p. 21; Buchanan's, 3. (28.) "What is a noun? A noun is the name of something; as, a man, a boy."--Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (29.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, to describe the object named or referred to."--Maunder cor. (30.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, to describe or define the object mentioned."--R. C. Smith cor. (31.) "An adjective is a word which, without assertion or time, serves to describe or define something; as, a good man, every boy."--Wilcox cor. (32.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, and generally expresses a quality."--Mur. and Lowth cor. (33.) "An adjective expresses the quality, not of the noun or pronoun to which it is applied, but of the person or thing spoken of; and it may generally be known by the sense which it thus makes in connexion with its noun; as, 'A good man,' 'A genteel woman.'"--Wright cor. (34.) "An adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb."--Wilcox cor. (35.) "An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify the sense, or denote some circumstance."--Bullions cor. (36.) "A substantive, or noun, is a name given to some object which the senses can perceive, the understanding comprehend, or the imagination entertain."--Wright cor. (37-54.) "Genders are modifications that distinguish objects in regard to sex."--Brown's Inst., p. 35: Bullions cor.: also Frost; also Perley; also Cooper; also L. Murray et al.; also Alden et al.; also Brit. Gram., with Buchanan; also Fowle; also Burn; also Webster; also Coar; also Hall; also Wright; also Fisher; also W. Allen; also Parker and Fox; also Weld; also Weld again. (55 and 56.) "A case, in grammar, is the state or condition of a noun or pronoun, with respect to some other word in the sentence."--Bullions cor.; also Kirkham. (57.) "Cases are modifications that distinguish the relations of nouns and pronouns to other words."--Brown's Inst., p. 36. (58.) "Government is the power which one word has over an other, to cause it to assume some particular modification."--Sanborn et al. cor. See Inst., p. 104. (59.) "A simple sentence is a sentence which contains only one assertion, command, or question."--Sanborn et al. cor. (60.) "Declension means the putting of a noun or pronoun through the different cases and numbers."--Kirkham cor. Or better: "The declension of a word is a regular arrangement of its numbers and cases."--See Inst., p. 37. (61.) "Zeugma is a figure in which two or more words refer in common to an other which literally agrees with only one of them."--B. F. Fish cor. (62.) "An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, smite, smote, smitten."--Inst., p. 75. (63). "A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is."--Inst., p. 46.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE IV.--OF COMPARISONS.

"Our language abounds more in vowel and diphthong sounds, than most other tongues." Or: "We abound more in vowel and diphthongal sounds, than most nations."--Dr. Blair cor. "A line thus accented has a more spirited air, than one which takes the accent on any other syllable."--Kames cor. "Homer introduces his deities with no greater ceremony, that [what] he uses towards mortals; and Virgil has still less moderation than he."--Id. "Which the more refined taste of later writers, whose genius was far inferior to theirs, would have taught them to avoid."--Dr. Blair cor. "As a poetical composition, however, the Book of Job is not only equal to any other of the sacred writings, but is superior to them all, except those of Isaiah alone."--Id. "On the whole, Paradise Lost is a poem which abounds with beauties of every kind, and which justly entitles its author to be equalled in fame with any poet."--Id. "Most of the French writers compose in short sentences; though their style, in general, is not concise; commonly less so than that of most English writers, whose sentences are much longer."--Id. "The principles of the Reformation were too deeply fixed in the prince's mind, to be easily eradicated."--Hume cor. "Whether they do not create jealousy and animosity, more than sufficient to counterbalance the benefit derived from them."--Leo Wolf cor. "The Scotch have preserved the ancient character of their music more entire, than have the inhabitants of any other country."--Gardiner cor. "When the time or quantity of one syllable exceeds that of the rest, that syllable readily receives the accent."--Rush cor. "What then can be more obviously true, than that it should be made as just as we can make it."--Dymond cor. "It was not likely that they would criminate themselves more than, they could not avoid."--Clarkson cor. "In their understandings they were the most acute people that have ever lived."--Knapp cor. "The patentees have printed it with neat types, and upon better paper than was used formerly."--John Ward cor. "In reality, its relative use is not exactly like that of any other word."--Felch cor. "Thus, in stead of having to purchase two books,--the Grammar and the Exercises,--the learner finds both in one, for a price at most not greater than that of the others."--Alb. Argus cor. "They are not improperly regarded as pronouns, though they are less strictly such than the others."--Bullions cor. "We have had, as will readily be believed, a much better opportunity of becoming conversant with the case, than the generality of our readers can be supposed to have had."--Brit. Friend cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE V.--OF FALSITIES.

"The long sound of i is like a very quick union of the sound of a, as heard in bar, and that of e, as heard in be."--Churchill cor. "The omission of a word necessary to grammatical propriety, is of course an impropriety, and not a true ellipsis."--Priestley cor. "Not every substantive, or noun, is necessarily of the third person."--A. Murray cor. "A noun is in the third person, when the subject is merely spoken of; and in the second person, when the subject is spoken to; and in the first person, when it names the speaker as such."--Nutting cor. "With us, no nouns are literally of the masculine or the feminine gender, except the names of male and female creatures."--Dr. Blair cor. "The apostrophe is a little mark, either denoting the possessive case of nouns, or signifying that something is shortened: as, 'William's hat;'--'the learn'd,' for 'the learned.'"--Inf. S. Gram. cor. "When a word beginning with a vowel coupled with one beginning with a consonant, the indefinite article must not be repeated, if the two words be adjectives belonging to one and the same noun; thus, 'Sir Matthew Hale was a noble and impartial judge;'--'Pope was an elegant and nervous writer.'"--Maunder cor.[555] "W and y are consonants, when they precede a vowel heard in the same syllable: in every other situation, they are vowels."--L. Mur. et al. cor. See Inst., p. 16. "The is not varied before adjectives and substantives, let them begin as they will."--Bucke cor. "A few English prepositions, and many which we have borrowed from other languages, are often prefixed to words, in such a manner as to coalesce with them, and to become parts of the compounds or derivatives thus formed."--Lowth cor. "H, at the beginning of syllables not accented, is weaker, but not entirely silent; as in historian, widowhood."--Rev. D. Blair cor. "Not every word that will make sense with to before it, is a verb; for to may govern nouns, pronouns, or participles."--Kirkham cor. "Most verbs do, in reality, express actions; but they are not intrinsically the mere names of actions: these must of course be nouns."--Id. "The nominative denotes the actor or subject; and the verb, the action which is performed or received by this actor or subject."--Id. "But if only one creature or thing acts, more than one action may, at the same instant, be done; as, 'The girl not only holds her pen badly, but scowls and distorts her features, while she writes.'"--Id. "Nor is each of these verbs of the singular number because it denotes but one action which the girl performs, but because the subject or nominative is of the singular number, and the words must agree."--Id. "And when I say, 'Two men walk,' is it not equally apparent, that walk is plural because it agrees with men?"--Id. "The subjunctive mood is formed by using the simple verb in a suppositive sense, and without personal inflection."--Beck cor. "The possessive case of nouns, except in instances of apposition or close connexion, should always be distinguished by the apostrophe."--Frost cor. "'At these proceedings of the Commons:' Here of is a sign of the objective case; and 'Commons' is of that case, being governed by this preposition."--A. Murray cor. "Here let it be observed again, that, strictly speaking, all finite verbs have numbers and persons; and so have nearly all nouns and pronouns, even when they refer to irrational creatures and inanimate things."--Barrett cor. "The noun denoting the person or persons addressed or spoken to, is in the nominative case independent: except it be put in apposition with a pronoun of the second person; as, 'Woe to you lawyers;'--'You political men are constantly manoeuvring.'"--Frost cor. "Every noun, when used in a direct address and set off by a comma, becomes of the second person, and is in the nominative case absolute; as, 'Paul, thou art beside thyself."--Jaudon cor. "Does the conjunction ever join words together? Yes; the conjunction sometimes joins words together, and sometimes sentences, or certain parts of sentences."--Brit. Gram. cor.; also Buchanan. "Every noun of the possessive form has a governing noun, expressed or understood: as, St. James's. Here Palace is understood. But one possessive may govern an other; as, 'William's father's house.'"--Buchanan cor. "Every adjective (with the exceptions noted under Rule 9th) belongs to a noun or pronoun expressed or understood."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Not every adjective qualifies a substantive, expressed or understood."--Bullions cor. "Not every adjective belongs to a noun expressed or understood."--Ingersoll cor. "Adjectives belong to nouns or pronouns, and serve to describe things."--R. C. Smith cor. "English adjectives, in general, have no modifications in which they can agree with the nouns to which they relate."--Allen Fisk cor. "The adjective, if it denote unity or plurality, must agree with its substantive in number."--Buchanan cor. "Not every adjective and participle, by a vast many, belongs to some noun or pronoun, expressed or understood."--Frost cor. "Not every verb of the infinitive mood, supposes a verb before it, expressed or understood."--Buchanan cor. "Nor has every adverb its verb, expressed or understood; for some adverbs relate to participles, to adjectives, or to other adverbs."--Id. "A conjunction that connects one sentence to an other, is not always placed betwixt the two propositions or sentences which it unites."--Id. "The words for all that, are by no means 'low;' but the putting of this phrase for yet or still, is neither necessary nor elegant."--L. Murray cor.; also Dr. Priestley. "The reader or hearer then understands from AND, that the author adds one proposition, number, or thing, to an other. Thus AND often, very often, connects one thing with an other thing, or one word with an other word."--James Brown cor. "'Six AND six are twelve.' Here it is affirmed, that the two sixes added together are twelve."--Id. "'John AND his wife have six children.' This is an instance in which AND connects two nominatives in a simple sentence. It is not here affirmed that John has six children, and that his wife has six other children."--Id. "That 'Nothing can be great which is not right,' is itself a great falsity: there are great blunders, great evils, great sins."--L. Murray cor. "The highest degree of reverence should be paid to the most exalted virtue or goodness."--Id. "There is in all minds some knowledge, or understanding."--L. Murray et al. cor. "Formerly, the nominative and objective cases of our pronouns, were more generally distinguished in practice, than they now are."--Kirkham cor. "As it respects a choice of words and expressions, the just rules of grammar may materially aid the learner."--S. S. Greene cor. "The name of whatever exists, or is conceived to exist, is a noun."--Fowler cor. "As not all men are brave, brave is itself distinctive."--Id.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VI.--OF ABSURDITIES.

(1.) "And sometimes two unaccented syllables come together."--Dr. Blair cor. (2.) "What nouns frequently stand together?" Or: "What nouns are frequently used one after an other?"--Sanborn cor. (3.) "Words are derived from other words in various ways."--Idem et al. cor. (4.) "The name PREPOSITION is derived from the two Latin words præ and pono, which signify before and place."--Mack cor. (5.) "He was much laughed at for such conduct."--Bullions cor. (6.) "Every pronominal adjective belongs to some noun, expressed or understood."--Ingersoll cor. (7.) "If he [Addison] fails in any thing, it is in strength and precision; the want of which renders his manner not altogether a proper model."--Dr. Blair cor. (8.) "Indeed, if Horace is deficient in any thing his fault is this, of not being sufficiently attentive to juncture, or the connexion of parts."--Id. (9.) "The pupil is now supposed to be acquainted with the ten parts of speech, and their most usual modifications."--Taylor cor. (10.) "I could see, feel, taste, and smell the rose."--Sanborn cor. (11.) "The vowels iou are sometimes pronounced distinctly in two syllables; as in various, abstemious; but not in bilious."--Murray and Walker cor. (12.) "The diphthong aa generally sounds like a short; as in Balaam, Canaan, Isaac; in Baäl and Gaäl, we make no diphthong."--L. Mur. cor. (13.) "Participles cannot be said to be 'governed by the article;' for any participle, with an article before it, becomes a substantive, or an adjective used substantively: as, the learning, the learned."--Id. (14.) "From words ending with y preceded by a consonant, we form the plurals of nouns, the persons of verbs, agent nouns, perfect participles, comparatives, and superlatives, by changing the y into i, and adding es, ed, er, eth, or est."--Walker, Murray, et al. cor. (15.) "But y preceded by a vowel, remains unchanged, in the derivatives above named; as, boy, boys."--L. Murray et al. cor. (16.) "But when the final y is preceded by a vowel, it remains unchanged before an additional syllable; as, coy, coyly."--Iid. (17.) "But y preceded by a vowel, remains unchanged, in almost all instances; as, coy, coyly."--Kirkham cor. (18.) "Sentences are of two kinds, simple and compound."--Wright cor. (19.) "The neuter pronoun it may be employed to introduce a nominative of any person, number, or gender: as, 'It is he:'--'It is she;'--'It is they;'--'It is the land.'"--Bucke cor. (20 and 21.) "It is and it was, are always singular; but they may introduce words of a plural construction: as, 'It was the heretics that first began to rail.' SMOLLETT."--Merchant cor.; also Priestley et al. (22.) "W and y, as consonants, have each of them one sound."--Town cor. (23.) "The word as is frequently a relative pronoun."--Bucke cor. (24.) "From a series of clauses, the conjunction may sometimes be omitted with propriety."--Merchant cor. (25.) "If, however, the two members are very closely connected, the comma is unnecessary; as, 'Revelation tells us how we may attain happiness.'"--L. Murray et al. cor. (26-27.) "The mind has difficulty in taking effectually, in quick succession, so many different views of the same object."--Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Mur. (28.) "Pronominal adjectives are a kind of definitives, which may either accompany their nouns, or represent them understood."--Kirkham cor. (29.) "When the nominative or antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the verb or pronoun must agree with it in the plural number."--Id. et al. cor. (30-34.) "A noun or a pronoun in the possessive case, is governed by the name of the thing possessed."-- Brown's Inst., p. 176; Greenleaf cor.; also Wilbur and Livingston; also Goldsbury; also P. E. Day; also Kirkham, Frazee, and Miller. (35.) "Here the boy is represented as acting: the word boy is therefore in the nominative case."--Kirkham cor. (36.) "Do, be, have, and will, are sometimes auxiliaries, and sometimes principal verbs."--Cooper cor. (37.) "Names of males are masculine. Names of females are feminine."--Adam's Gram., p. 10; Beck cor. (38.) "'To-day's lesson is longer than yesterday's.' Here to-day's and yesterday's are substantives."--L. Murray et al. cor. (39.) "In this example, to-day's and yesterday's are nouns in the possessive case."--Kirkham cor. (40.) "An Indian in Britain would be much surprised to find by chance an elephant feeding at large in the open fields."--Kames cor. (41.) "If we were to contrive a new language, we might make any articulate sound the sign of any idea: apart from previous usage, there would be no impropriety in calling oxen men, or rational beings oxen."--L. Murray cor. (42.) "All the parts of a sentence should form a consistent whole."--Id et al. cor.