1. They that touch pitch will be defiled.

1. They that touch pitch will be defiled.

They | will be defiled =======|===================== ` | ` ` that ` | touch | pitch --------|--------'------- |

+Explanation+.--The relative importance of the two clauses is shown by their position, by their connection, and by the difference in the shading of the lines. The pronoun _that_ is written on the subject line of the dependent clause. _That_ performs the office of a conjunction also. This office is shown by the dotted line. As modifiers are joined by slanting lines to the words they modify, you learn from this diagram that _that touch pitch_ is a modifier of _they_.

+Oral Analysis+.--This is a complex sentence because it consists of an independent clause and a dependent clause. _They will be defiled_ is the independent clause, and _that touch pitch_ is the dependent. _That touch pitch_ is a modifier of _they_ because it limits the meaning of _they_; the dependent clause is connected by its subject _that_ to _they_.

TO THE TEACHER.--Illustrate the connecting force of _who, which_, and _that_ by substituting for them the words for which they stand, and noting the loss of connection.

2. The lever which moves the world of mind is the printing-press. 3. Wine makes the face of him who drinks it to excess blush for his habits.

+Explanation+.--The adjective clause does not always modify the subject.

4. Photography is the art which enables commonplace mediocrity to look like genius. 5. In 1685 Louis XIV. signed the ordinance that revoked the Edict of Nantes. 6. The thirteen colonies were welded together by the measures which Samuel Adams framed.

+Explanation+.--The pronoun connecting an adjective clause is not always a subject.

7. The guilt of the slave-trade, [Footnote: See Lesson 61, foot-note.] which sprang out of the traffic with Guinea, rests with John Hawkins. 8. I found the place to which you referred.

I | found | place ====|================== | \the ` ` you | referred ` ------|---------- ` | \to ` \ which ` \-------

9. The spirit in which we act is the highest matter. 10. It was the same book that I referred to.

+Explanation+.--The phrase _to that_ modifies _referred_. _That_ connects the adjective clause. When the pronoun _that_ connects an adjective clause, the preposition never precedes. The diagram is similar to that of (8).

11. She that I spoke to was blind. 12. Grouchy did not arrive at the time that Napoleon most needed him.

+Explanation+.--A preposition is wanting. _That = in which_. (Can you find a word that would here sound better than _that_?)

13. Attention is the stuff that memory is made of. 14. It is to you that I speak.

+Explanation+.--Here the preposition, which usually would stand last in the sentence, is found before the complement of the independent clause. In analysis restore the preposition to its usual place--It is you that I speak _to_. _That I speak to_ modifies the subject.