FOOTNOTES:

Footnote 1: (return) Political, Economy (in the Encyclopedia Metropolitana), 2nd edition (1850), p. 26.

Footnote 2: (return) Man versus the State, p. 69. 'The beneficent private war which makes one man strive to climb over the shoulders of another man.'

Footnote 3: (return) Edinburgh Review, March 1829, p. 185. (The italics are mine.)

Footnote 4: (return) 'Instinct is usually defined as the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends without foresight of the ends and without previous education in the performance.'—W. James, Principles of Psychology, vol. ii. p. 383.

Footnote 5: (return) Reflections suggested by the New Theory of Matter, 1904, p. 21. 'So far as natural science can tell us, every quality of sense or intellect which does not help us to fight, to eat, and to bring up children, is but a by-product of the qualities which do.'

Footnote 6: (return) Ethics, Bk. viii. chap. I. φύσειι τ' ἐνυπάρχειν ἔοικε ... οὐ μόνον ἐν ἀνθρώποις ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ὄρνισι καὶ τοι̑ς πλείστοις τω̑ν ζώων, καὶ τοι̑ς ὁμοεθνέσι πρὸς ἄλληλα, καὶ μάλιστα τοι̑ς ἀνθρώποις ... ἔοικε δὲ καὶ τὰς πόλεις συνέχειν ἡ φιλία, καὶ οἱ νομοθέται μα̑λλον περὶ αὐτὴν σπουδάζειν ἢ τὴν δικαιοσύνην.

Footnote 7: (return) A rather unusually reflective little girl of my acquaintance, felt, one day, while looking at her mother, a strong impulse of affection. She first gave the usual intellectual explanation of her feeling, 'Mummy, I do think you are the most beautiful Mummy in the whole world,' and then, after a moment's thought, corrected herself by saying, 'But there, they do say love is blind.'

Footnote 8: (return) Diary of Madame D'Arblay, ed. 1905, vol. iv. p. 184, 'If they even attempted force, they had not a doubt but his smallest resistance would call up the whole country to his fancied rescue.'

Footnote 9: (return) 'The moral tragedy of human life comes almost wholly from the fact that the link is ruptured which normally should hold between vision of the truth and action, and that this pungent sense of effective reality will not attach to certain ideas.' W. James, Principles of Psychology, vol. ii. p. 547.

Footnote 10: (return) Politics, Book II. ch. V.

Footnote 11: (return) Cf. William James, Principles of Psychology, vol. ii. p. 392:—'The whole story of our dealings with the lower wild animals is the history of our taking advantage of the ways in which they judge of everything by its mere label, as it were, so as to ensnare or kill them.'

Footnote 12: (return) The Catechism of Positive Religion (Tr. by Congreve), First Part, 'Explanation of the Worship,' e.g. p. 65: 'The Positivist shuts his eyes during his private prayers, the better to see the internal image.'

Footnote 13: (return) Newman, Apologia (1864), pp. 91, 92.

Footnote 14: (return) Harnack, Expansion of Christianity (Tr.), vol. ii. p. 11.

Footnote 15: (return) Amos, ch. v., vv. 21, 23, 24 (R. V. M.).

Footnote 16: (return) Politics, ch. vii., ὅταν τὸ πλη̑θος πρὸς τὸ κοινὸν πολιτεύη ται συμφέρον.

Footnote 17: (return) Thoughts on the Present Discontents (Macmillan, 1902), p. 81.

Footnote 18: (return) Westminster Gazette, June 11, 1898.

Footnote 19: (return) Gleanings, vol. vii. p. 100, quoted in Morley's Life, vol. i. p. 211.

Footnote 20: (return) Auld Licht Idylls, p. 220.

Footnote 21: (return) Three-quarters of the art of the trained salesman depends upon his empirical knowledge of this group of psychological facts. A small girl of my acquaintance, explaining why she had brought back from her first independent shopping expedition a photograph frame which she herself found to be distressing, said: 'The shopman seemed to suppose I had chosen it, and so I paid for it and came away.' But her explanation was the result of memory and reflection. At the moment, in a shadowy way which was sufficient for the shopman, she supposed that she had chosen it.

Footnote 22: (return) Heretics, p. 122.

Footnote 23: (return) Life of J. A. Garfield, by R. H. Conwell, p. 328.

Footnote 24: (return) Morley's Life of Gladstone, vol. i. p. 122.

Footnote 25: (return) Memoir of T. Brand Hollis, by J. Disney, p. 32.

Footnote 26: (return) Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690, ed. 1821, p. 191.

Footnote 27: (return) Escheat vice Taxation, Bentham's Works, vol. ii. p. 598.

Footnote 28: (return) MS. in University College, London, quoted by Halévy, La Jeunesse de Bentham, pp. 289-290.

Footnote 29: (return) Bentham's Works, vol. i. p. 8, quoted in Lytton's England and the English (1833), p. 469. This passage was written by Mill, cf. preface.

Footnote 30: (return) In the winter of 1907-8 I happened, on different occasions, to discuss the method of approaching political science with two young Oxford students. In each case I suggested that it would be well to read a little psychology. Each afterwards told me that he had consulted his tutor and had been told that psychology was 'useless' or 'nonsense.' One tutor, a man of real intellectual distinction, was said to have added the curiously scholastic reason that psychology was 'neither science nor philosophy.'

Footnote 31: (return) Passim, e.g., vol. ii. p. 728.

Footnote 32: (return) Ibid., p. 649.

Footnote 33: (return) Ibid., p. 442.