Figure 17.

Stones used as anchors, found in the Bay of Penhouet. 1, 2, 3, stones weighing about 160 pounds each. 4 and 5, lighter stones, probably used for canoes.

Such are the only details we have on the important subject of prehistoric anchors, but we may add that ancient fishermen probably ventured but a short distance from the land, and would not need anchors, as they could easily carry their light boats on shore.

We leave now passed in review the conditions of the life of our remote ancestors, noting the animals that were their contemporaries, and the fish that peopled the watercourses near which they lived. We have studied the earliest efforts at navigation, made in the pursuit of fish, and we must now go back to examine the weapons, tools, and ornaments of these ancient peoples, and trace in those objects the dawn of art. This will be the aim of our next chapter.

1 In this cave were found the bones of 45 bears. In the Goyet Cave (which bears the number 3), were found complete sets of the bones of 12 mammoths, 8 rhinoceroses, 57 bears, 57 horses, 24 hyænas, 35 reindeer, 6 uruses, 2 lions, with the bones of a great number of goats, chamois, and boars. Dupont: “L’Homme pendant l’Âge de la Pierre,” p. 86.

2 These birds belonged to the rapaces, passeres, gallinaceous, wading, and web-footed groups. Every order is represented, and nearly all the bones were those of edible species, which had certainly served as food to man.

3 Richard Andrée: “Die Anthropophagie eine Ethnographische Studie,” Leipzig, 1887.

4 “Les Hommes de Chavaux et d’Engis” Bul. Acad. Roy. de Belgique, vol. xx., 1853; vol. xviii. (new series), 1863; vol. xxii., 1866; Matériaux, 1872. p, 517.

5 “L’Homme pendant les Âges de la Pierre,” p. 225.

6 “Compte Rendu,” p. 363.

7 “Hist. Nat.,” book vii., sec. 2.

8 Belgrand: “Le Bassin Parisien,” vol. i., p. 232.

9 Bull. Soc. Anth., 1869, p. 476.—Ac. des Sciences, 1870, first week, p. 167.

10 Archives du Musée National de Rio de Janeiro, vol. i., 1876.

11 See my translation of De Nadaillac’s “Prehistoric America,” pp. 53, 58, and 59.”—N. D’Anvers.

12 “Geography,” book iv.

13 “Opera,” vol. ii., Migne edition, p. 335. Richard, of Cirencester, says that the Attacotes lived on the shores of the Clyde, beyond the great wall of Hadrian.

14 Schweden’s “Urgeschichte,” p. 341.

15 The felidæ were very numerous in Europe in Quaternary times. We may mention two species of lions, Leo nobilis and Leo spelæus, the latter often confounded with the delis spelæus of such frequent occurrence in French caves, two species of tigers, Tigris Edwardsiana and Tigris Europæa, the largest of the Quaternary felidæ, which was some twelve feet long. We also know of seven species of leopards, six species of cats, from the Serval to a little felis smaller than our domestic cat; two species of lynx, and lastly the machairodus, a beast of prey of considerable size, characterized by having exceptionally long upper canines serrated like a saw. Probably these beasts of prey were not all contemporaries, but succeeded each other. (Bourguignat: “Histoire des Felidæ Fossiles en France dans les Dépôts de la Période Quaternaire,” Paris, 1879.)

16 “Testimony of the Rocks,” p. 127, Edinburgh and Boston, 1857.

17 Ossements Fossiles Trouvés à Odessa. The cave-hyena resembles that now living at the Cape.

18 Ducrost and Arcelin: “Stratigraphie de l’Éboulis de Solutré,” Mat., 1876, p. 403. Archives die Museum d’Hist. Nat. de Lyon, vol. 1.

19 M. de Baye found a great many similar arrow-heads in the Petit-Morin caves.

20 Nilsson: “The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia.”

21 Captain Edward Johnson, who travelled about in New England from 1628 to 1632, relates that the children there spent their days in shooting at the fish that appeared on the surface of the water, succeeding in catching them with marvellous skill. “A History of New England,” London, 1654.

22 Reiss and Steubel: “The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru,” London and Berlin.

23 Matériaux, 1870, p, 348.

24 Wiadomosei Archéologizne, No. iv., Warsaw, 1882.

25 Ch. Rau: “Prehistoric Fishing in Europe and America.”

26 Horace: “Odes,” book i., ode iii.

27 Friedel: “Führer durch die Fischerei Abtheilung.”

28 “A Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Academy.”

29 Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Scotland, vol. iii. Dr. R. Munro “Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings or Crannoges,” Edinburgh, 1882.

30 Geikie, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xv. De Lapparent “Traité de Géologie,” first edition, p. 518.

31 “Discoveries in the more Recent Deposits of the Bovey Basin,” Trans. Devonshire Ass., 1883.

32 “Nordische Oldsager i der kongelige Museum i Kjobenhawn.”

33 “Les Proto-Helvètes,” Nature, 1880, 1st week, p. 151.

34 “Mém. Soc. d’Emulation d’Abbeville,” 1867.