1. The Mumaltachi.

1. The Mumaltachi.

2. The Mullateco.

3. The Apangasi.

4. The Lapappu.

5. The Siyante or Typoxi.

The sixth band is that of the Aplaches (? Apaches), under Hawhaw, residing further in the mountains.

ENGLISH. TUOLUMNE. TALATUI.

_head_ hownah tiket. _hair_ esok munu. _ear_ tolko alok. _eye_ húnteh wilai _nose_ níto uk (?). _mouth_ ahwúk hube (?). _sky_ wutsha witçuk. _sun_ heamhah hi. _day_ hemaah hiúmu. _night_ kowwillah kawil. _darkness_ pozattah hunaba. _fire_ wúkah wike. _water_ kíkah kík. _stone_ lowwak sawa.

As far west as the sea-coast languages of the Moquelumne group are spoken. Thus--

A short vocabulary of the San Rafael is Moquelumne.

So are the Sonoma dialects, as represented by the Tshokoyem vocabulary and the Chocouyem and Yonkiousme Paternosters.

So is the _Olamentke_ of Kostromitonov in Baer's Beiträge.

So much for the forms of speech to the north of the Gulf of San Francisco. On the south the philology is somewhat more obscure. The Paternosters for the _Mission de Santa Clara_ and the _Vallee de los Tulares_ of Mofras seem to belong to the same language. Then there is, in the same author, one of the _Langue Guiloco de la Mission de San Francisco_. These I make Moquelumne provisionally. I also make a provisional division for a vocabulary called--

IX. THE COSTANO.--The tribes under the supervision of the Mission of Dolores were five in number; the Ahwastes, the Olhones, or Costanos of the coast, the Romonans, the Tulomos, and the Altatmos. The vocabulary of which the following is an extract was taken from Pedro Alcantara, who was a boy when the Mission was founded, A. D. 1776. He was of the Romonan tribe.

ENGLISH. COSTANO. TSHOKOYEM.

_man_ imhen tai-_esse_. _woman_ ratichma kuleh-_esse_. _boy_ shínísmuk yokeh (_small_). _girl_ katra koyah. _head_ úle moloh. _ear_ tuorus ahlohk. _eye_ rehin shut. _nose_ ús huk. _mouth_ werper lapgup. _tongue_ tassek lehntip. _tooth_ síít kuht. _neck_ lani helekke. _foot_ kolo koyok. _blood_ payan kichawh. _sky_ reneme lihlih. _sun_ ishmen hih. _moon_ kolma pululuk. _star_ agweh hittish. _day_ puhe (_light_) hiahnah. _night_ moor (_dark_) kawul. _fire_ roretaon wikih. _water_ sii kihk. _river_ orush polah. _stone_ erek lepeh. _I_ kahnah kahni. _thou_ mene mih. _he_ wahche ikkoh. _they_ nekumsah mukkam. _all_ kete mukkam. _who_ mato mahnti. _eat_ ahmush yohlomusih. _drink_ owahto ushu. _run_ akamtoha hihchiah. _see_ atempimah ellih.

This shows that it differs notably from the Tshokoyem; the personal pronouns, however, being alike. Again, the word for _man_ = _l-aman-tiya_ in the San Rafael. On the other hand, it has certain Cushna affinities.

Upon the whole, however, the affinities seem to run in the direction of the languages of the next group, especially in that of the Ruslen:--

_I_ = _kah-nah_, Cost. = _ka_ = _mine_, Ruslen. _Thou_ = _me-ne_, Cost. = _mé_ = _thine_, Ruslen. _Sun_ = _ishmen_, Cost. = _ishmen_ = _light_, Ruslen. _Water_ = _sii_, Cost. = _ziy_, Ruslen. (?) _Boy_ = _shinishmuk_, Cost. = _enshinsh_, Ruslen. (?) _Girl_ = _katra_, Cost. = _kaana_, Ruslen.

Lest these last three coincidences seem far-fetched, it should be remembered that the phonesis in these languages is very difficult, and that the Ruslen orthography is Spanish, the Costano being English. Add to this, there is every appearance, in the San Miguel and other vocabularies, of the _r_ being something more than the _r_ in _brand_, &c. every appearance of its being some guttural or palatal, which may, by a variation of orthography, be spelt by _l_.

Finally, I remark that the-_ma_ in the Costano _ratich-ma_ = _woman_, is, probably, the-_me_ in the Soledad _mue_ (= _man_) and _shurish-me_ (= _woman_), and the _amk_ (_ank_) of the Ruslen _muguy-amk_ (= _man_) and _latrayam-ank_ (= _woman_); (?) _latraya_ = _ratich_. Nevertheless, for the present I place the Costano by itself, as a transitional form of speech to the languages spoken north, east, and south of the Bay of San Francisco.

X. THE MARIPOSA LANGUAGES.--In the north of Mariposa county, and not far south of the Tuolumne area, the language seems changed, and the _Coconoons_ is spoken by some bands on the Mercede River, under a chief named Nuella. They are said to be the remnants of three distinct bands each, with its own distinct language.

ENGLISH. COCONOONS. TULARE.

_head_ oto utno. _hair_ tolus celis. _ear_ took took. _nose_ thedick tuneck. _mouth_ sammack shemmak. _tongue_ talcotch talkat. _tooth_ talee talee. _sun_ suyou oop. _moon_ offaum taahmemna. _star_ tchietas sahel. _day_ hial tahoh[39]. _fire_ sottol ossel. _water_ illeck illick.

[Footnote 39: Same word as _taech_ = _light_ in Coconoons; in Pima _tai_.]

XI. THE SALINAS GROUP.--This is a name which I propose for a group of considerable compass; and one which contains more than one mutually unintelligible form of speech. It is taken from the river Salinas, the drainage of which lies in the counties of Monterey and San Luis Obispo. The southern boundary of Santa Cruz lies but a little to the north of its mouth.

The Gioloco may possibly belong to this group, notwithstanding its reference to the Mission of San Francisco. The _alla_, and _mut_-(in _mut_-ryocusé), may = the _ahay_ and _i-mit-a_ (_sky_) of the Eslen.

The Ruslen has already been mentioned, and that in respect to its relations to the Costano. It belongs to this group.

So does the Soledad of _Mofras_; which, though it differs from that of Hale in the last half of the numerals, seems to represent the same language.

So do the Eslen and Carmel forms of speech; allied to one another somewhat more closely than to the Ruslen and Soledad.

So do the San Antonio and San Miguel forms of speech.

The Ruslen; Eslen; San Antonio and San Miguel are, probably, four mutually unintelligible languages.

The Salinas languages are succeeded to the south by the forms of speech of--

XII. THE SANTA BARBARA GROUP.--containing the Santa Barbara, Santa Inez, and San Luis _Obispo_ languages.

XIII. THE CAPISTRANO GROUP.--Capistrano is a name suggested by that of the Mission of San Juan Capistrano. The group, I think, falls into two divisions:--

1. _The Proper Capistrano, or Netela_ of San Luis _Rey_ and San Juan Capistrano.

2. _The San Gabriel, or Kij_, of San Gabriel and San Fernando.

XIV. THE YUMA LANGUAGES.--At the junction of the Gila and Colorado stands Fort Yuma, in the district of the Yuma Indians. They occupy each side of the Colorado, both above and below its junction with the Gila. How far they extend northwards is unknown, probably more than 100 miles. They are also called _Cuchans_, and are a fierce predatory nation, encroaching equally on tribes of their own language and on aliens.

From these _Yuma_ Indians I take the name for the group now under notice. It contains, besides the Yuma Proper, the Dieguno of San Diego and the Coco-maricopa.

The Coco-maricopa Indians are joint-occupants of certain villages on the Gila; the population with which they are associated being _Pima_. Alike in other respects, the Pima and Coco-maricopa Indians differ in language, as may be seen from the following table, confirmatory of the testimony of numerous trustworthy authorities to the same effect.

ENGLISH. PIMA. CUCHAN. COCOMARICOPA. DIEGUNO.

_man_ huth epatsh apatch {àycutcht. {epatch. _woman_ hahri sinyak seniact sun. _Indian_ huup metepaie ---- ---- {ecoutsucherowo} _head_ mouk { and } ---- estar. {umwelthoocouo } _hair_ ptmuk eetche ---- hiletar. _ear_ ptnahauk smythl ---- ---- _nose_ tahnk ---- ---- hu. _mouth_ chinits ---- ---- ah. _tongue_ neuen epulche ---- ---- _tooth_ ptahan aredoche ---- ---- _beard_ chinyo yahboineh ---- ---- _hand_ mahahtk eesalche issalis selh. _foot_ tetaght emetchslipaslapya ametche hamulyay. _sky_ ptchuwik amma ---- ---- _sun_ tahs nyatch ---- ---- _moon_ mahsa huthlya ---- ---- _star_ uon klupwalaie ---- ---- _snow_ chiah halup ---- ---- _fire_ tahi aawoh house ---- _water_ suntik aha haache kha. _I_ ahan nyat ---- nyah. _he_ yeutah habritzk ---- ---- _one_ yumako sin sandek hina. _two_ kuak havick haveka hawue. _three_ vaik hamuk hamoka hamuk. _four_ kiik chapop champapa chapop. _five_ puitas serap sarap suap.

San Diego lies in 32-1/2° north latitude, a point at which the philology diverges--in one direction into Old California, in another into Sonora. I first follow it in the direction of

OLD CALIFORNIA.

San Diego, as has just been stated, lies in 32-1/2° north latitude. Now it is stated in the Mithridates that the most northern of the Proper _Old_ Californian tongues, the _Cochimi_, is spoken as far north as 33°. If so, the Dieguno may be _Old_ Californian as well as _New_; which I think it is; believing, at the same time, that _Cochimi_ and _Cuchan_ are the same words. Again, in the following Paternoster the word for _sky_ = _ammai_ in the Cuchan vocabulary.

COCHIMI OF SAN XAVIER.

_father sky_ Pennayu make, nambà yaa ambayujui miyà mo;

_name men confess and love all_ Buhu mombojua tamma gkomendà hi nogodoño demuejueg gkajim;

_and sky earth_ Pennayùla bogodoño gkajim, gui hi ambayujup maba yaa ke, amete

_favour_ decuinyi mo puegiñ;

_sky earth_ Yaa m blihula mujua ambayup mo dedahijua, amet ê nò guìlugui hi pagkajim;

_this day day_ Tamadà yaa ibo tejueg quiluguiqui pe, mijich ê mòu ibo yanno puegiñ;

_and man evil_ Guihi tamma yaa gambuegjula ke, pujui ambinyijua pennayala dedaudugùjua, giulugui pagkajim;

_and although and_ Guihi yaa tagamuegla hui ambinyijua hi doomo puhuegjua, he doomo pogonunyim;

_and earth bless evil_ Tagamuegjua guihi usimahel ke, ammet è decuinyimo, guihi yaa hui ambinyi yaa gambuegpea pagkaudugum.

Lastly, in 33° north latitude; the language of[40] San Luis El _Rey_, which is Yuma; is succeeded by that of San Luis _Obispo_, which is Capistrano.

[Footnote 40: For an exception to this statement see the Remarks at the end of the Volume. (1859.)]

I conclude, then, that the Yuma language belongs to the southern parts of _New_ and the northern part of _Old_ California.

Of recent notices of any of the languages of Old California, _eo nomine_, I know none. In the Mithridates the information is pre-eminently scanty.

According to the only work which I have examined at first-hand, the _Nachrichten von der Americanischen Halbinsel Californien_ (Mannheim, 1772; in the Mithridates, 1773), the anonymous author of which was a Jesuit missionary in the middle parts of the Peninsula, the languages of Old California were--