V

V

LECTIO—_Reading_

PRAECEPTOR, LUSIUS, AESCHINES, PUERI—Teacher, Lusius, Aeschines, Boys

_Lusius_, so called from playing (_ludendo_).

_Aeschines_, proper name of the Greek orator, who shamelessly declaimed against Demosthenes.

_Cotta_, proper name of a Roman citizen, so called from his anger.

This dialogue contains a division of the letters into vowels and consonants.

_Praec._ Take the A B C tablet in your left hand, and this pointer in the right hand, so that you can point out the letters one by one. Stand upright; put your cap under your arm-pit. Listen most attentively how I shall name these letters. Look diligently how I move my mouth. See that you return what I say immediately in the same manner, when I ask for it again. Attention (_sis mecum_)! Now you have heard it. Follow me now as I say it before you, letter by letter. Do you clearly understand?

_Lus._ It seems to me I do, fairly well.

_Letters—Syllables—Vowel—Speech_

_Praec._ Every one of these signs is called a letter. Of these, five are vowels, A, E, I, O, U. They are in the Spanish _oveia_, which signifies _sheep_. Remember that word! These with any letter you like, or more than one, make up syllables. Without a vowel there is no syllable and sometimes the vowel itself is a syllable. Therefore all the other letters are called consonants, because they don’t constitute sounds by themselves unless a vowel is joined to them. They have some imperfect, maimed (_mancum_) sound, _e.g._ _b_, _c_, _d_, _g_, which without _e_ cannot be sounded. Out of syllables we get words, and from words connected speech, which all beasts lack. And you would not be different from the beasts, if you could not converse properly. Be watchful and perform your work diligently. Go out with your fellow-pupils and learn what I have set.

_Lus._ We are not playing to-day.

_Aesch._ No, for it is a work-day. What, do you think you have come here to play? This is not the place for playing, but for study.

_Lus._ Why, then, is a school called _ludus_?

_True Leisure_

_Aesch._ It is indeed called _ludus_, but it is _ludus literarius_, because here we must play with letters as elsewhere with the ball, hoop, and dice. And I have heard that in Greek it is called _schola_, as it were a place of leisure, because it is true ease and quiet of mind, when we spend our life in studies. But we will learn thoroughly what the teacher has bidden us, quite in soft murmur, so that we don’t become a hindrance to one another.

_Lus._ My uncle, who studied letters some time in Bologna, has taught me that you better fix anything you wish in the memory if you pronounce it aloud. This is also confirmed by the authority of one called Pliny—I don’t know who he was.

_Aesch._ If, then, any one should wish to learn his _formulae_, he should go off into the garden or into the churchyard. There he can shout aloud as if he would rouse the dead.

_Cotta._ You boys, do you call this learning thoroughly? I call it prattling and disputing! Up, now go all of you to the teacher, as he commanded.